Anatomy of the Brain

Question 1

Lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 1

the cerebral Corte has 4 lobes

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal

Question 2

Layers surrounding the brain from superficial to deep
DAP
Folds of the Brain ?
FTFD

Answer 2

• Dura matter ( outer periosteal and inner periosteal)
• Arachnoid matter ( subarachnoid space= CSF) Arachnoid matter = AVASCULAR
• Pia matter

The dura folds to form septa that create the: FTFD
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae.

It fold to limit movement of the Brain

Question 3

Identify the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain

Answer 3

Frontal lobe: president ( thinking and personality )
Parietal lobe :reacting to our environment
Temporal Lobe: language , hearing and memory
Occipital lobe : vision

Question 4

parts of the Brain ( division ?)

CDB

Answer 4

1) Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
2) Diencephalon ( thalamus , hypothalamus, pineal gland)
3) Brain stem : Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 5

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 5

Fibres which interconnect the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Question 6

circle of willis

CAIC PB
SPA VP

Answer 6

The structure of the circle of Willis includes:

left and right internal carotid arteries
left and right anterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior cerebral arteries
left and right posterior communicating arteries
basilar artery
anterior communicating artery

Question 7

what are the parts of the skull called

STEPOF6

Answer 7

S: sphenoid (eyes)
T: temporal (near temples)
E: ethmoid ( from eyes)
P: parietal (main top part of skull)
O:occipital (back of skull)
F: frontal (front )
6: number of skull bones

Question 8

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Seven Angry Ladies Fighting Over PMS
(8)

Answer 8

Seven - superior thyroid ( Anterior)
Angry- Ascending pharyngeal (Medial)
Ladies- Lingual ( Anterior) 
Fighting- Facial (anterior)
Over- Occipital (Posterior)
P-Posterior auricular (posterior)
M- Maxillary (terminal )
S- Superficial temporal (terminal)

Question 9

what vein drains the :
a) scalp
b) deep face
c) face
what is A+B 

other veins of the scalp

Answer 9

a) superficial temporal vein
b) maxillary vein
c) facial vein
d)

a+ b join to make the retromandibular vein

• posterior auricular vein
• external jugular vein
• internal jugular vein

Question 10

What is the cavernous sinus ?
what is its clinical significance ?
(3)

Answer 10

1) facial vein communicated with superior ophthalmic vein in cavernous sinus

=> Facial triangle

So infection can spread from face into the cranial cavity !

Question 11

Surroundings of the spinal cord
where does it terminate in child and adult
what happens inferiorly ?

Answer 11

The spinal cord is also surrounded by DAP

• Dura matter
• Arachnoid
• Pia matter

1) spinal chord –> foramen magnum
2) child terminated at L3
3) Adult = L1 because of the vertebral column outgrows the spinal chord , hence spinal chord terminated early

inferiorarly the spinal chord :
1) Conus medullaris and cauda equina

Question 12

Formation of spinal nerves

2

Answer 12

1) dorsal route of the spinal chord joins with ventral route to form spinal nerve
- each spinal nerve gives an anterior and posterior branch

Question 13

Where do the branches of the Trigeminal nerve pass through ?

Answer 13

1) 5a =>Superior orbital fissure
2) 5b=> Foramen Rotendum
3) 5c =>Foramen Ovale

Question 14

bones of the face

Answer 14

1) Nasal
2) Maxilla
3) Lacrimal
4) Zygomatic
5) Inferior nasal concha
6) Vomer
7) Mandible
8) Palatine

Question 15

Bones x the eye socket

LES

Answer 15

LES
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

Question 16

what are the common neurotransmitters in the Brain (amino acids )
GGG

Answer 16

1) Glutamate - excitatory
2) GABA- Inhibitory
3) Glycine - Inhibitory

Question 17

What are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

4

Answer 17

1- Dopamine (D1= excitatory , D2= Inhibitory)
2-NA= Excitatory
3-Serotonins= Ex or Inhibitory
4-Histamine = Excitatory

Question 18

Neuropeptide neurotransmitters

Answer 18

1-Substance P = excitatory
2- Metenkephalin= inhibitory
3-Opioids= inhibitory
4-Adrenocorticotropin = excitatory

Question 19

outline the Blood brain barrier

Answer 19

• Permeability inversely related to the size ( smaller molecules get through easier )
• related to lipid solubility
• Continuous lipid bilayer that isolates CNS from BLOOD = protective

Lumen of capillary is serrated by :
a) endothelial cells
b) continuous basement membrane 
c) foot processes of astrocytes (mop up any harmful metabolites )
= extra layer of protection 
d) tight junctions

Question 20

Where is the BBB not present

Answer 20

absent in 4th ventricle and hypothalamus

- capillary has fenestrations and there are receptors to detect changes and correct things

Question 21

cells of the CNS (5)

Answer 21

Oligodendroglia–>Produce myelin in the CNS
Affected in multiple sclerosis

Schwann cells–>Produce myelin in the PNS
Affected in Guillain-Barre syndrome

Astrocytes–>Provides physical support
Removes excess potassium ions
Help form the blood-brain barrier
Physical repair

Microglia–> Specialised CNS phagocytes

Ependymal cells–>Provide the inner lining of the ventricles

Question 22

Foramen of the skull
Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily Across Jugs
(7)

Answer 22

optic- old
rotundum- rotund
ovale- owls
spinosum- spin
lacerum- lazily
acoustic- across
jugular- jugs

Question 23

what is the innervation of the head anteriorly

4

Answer 23

Trigeminal nerve including the
5a Ophthalmic division
5b Maxillary division
5c Mandibular division

Question 24

What is the innervation of the Scalp posteriorly ?

4

Answer 24

spinal nerves
ones to remember :
1- greater occipital nerve
2-Lesser occipital nerve

Question 25

``` what are the branches of the ophthalmic division 5a ? 3 big nerves + branches FNL F= 2 branches N= 3 branches L= none ```

Answer 25

Frontal nerve branches 1) supraorbital 2) supra trochlear Nasocilliary nerve branches : 1) anterior ethmoidal-->external nasal nerve 2) Posterior ethmoidal 3) Infratrochlear nerve lacrimal nerve

Question 26

What are the branches of Trigeminal nerve 5b - maxillary division ? ZZI

Answer 26

zygomaticotemporal nerve Zygomaticofacial nerve Infraorbital nerve

Question 27

what are the anterior branches of the mandibular division trigeminal nerve 5C? Big lions drink milk

Answer 27

anterior division . - Buccal nerve - Lateral Pterygoid - Deep temporal - Masseteric

Question 28

what are the posterior branches of the mandibular (5c) division of the trigeminal nerve ? ALI I-->MM

Answer 28

``` Posterior division : Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve : -Mylohyoid -Mental nerve ```

Question 29

what are the arteries of the scalp ? | they are named after the sections they pass by ...

Answer 29

anterior --->posterior 1) supratrochlear artery 2) Supra-orbital artery 3) Superficial temporal artery 4) Posterior auricular artery 5) Occipital artery

Question 30

which part of the trigeminal nerve is motor ?

Answer 30

1) Vc = mandibular nerve

Question 31

what are the branches of the external carotid artery ?

Answer 31

``` Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students ! S: superior thyroid artery A: ascending pharyngeal artery L: lingual artery F: facial artery O: occipital artery P: posterior auricular artery M: maxillary artery S: superficial temporal artery ```

Question 32

what are the main veins of the head and neck ? internal jugular vein branches ? Medical Schools Let Fun People In

Answer 32

``` Jugular veins = external and internal internal jugular vein mnemonic : Medical Schools Let Fun People In M: middle thyroid vein S: superior thyroid vein L: lingual vein F: facial vein P: pharyngeal vein I: inferior petrosal sinus ```

Question 33

external jugular vein branches ? | PAST

Answer 33

P: posterior external jugular vein A: anterior jugular vein S: suprascapular vein T: transverse cervical vein

Question 34

muscles of the face are innervated by what nerves | forehead , around eye , cheeks , upper lip

Answer 34

``` facial nerve! forehead = Occipitofrontalis muscle Around the eye = Orbicularis Cheeks= Zygomaticus minor ( smaller ) and Zygomticus major Upper lip = Orbicularis Oris ```

Question 35

what muscles elevate the lips | smile muscles

Answer 35

1) elevator labii superiors muscle | 2) Levator angle Oris muscle

Question 36

What are sad muscles= frown muscles ?

Answer 36

1- Depressor anguli ORIS muscle | 2-Depressor labii inferioris muscle

Question 37

what structures travel through the parotid gland ?

Answer 37

1) Facial nerve and branches 2) External carotid artery 3) Retromandibular vein innervation is glossopharyngeal nerve = parasympathetic nerve