Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

head and neck anatomy > Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are:

Efferent nerves-
Afferent nerves-
Ganglion-

Parasthesia-

Anesthesia-

A

Efferent nerve – motor nerve that carries information away from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery of the body

Afferent nerve – Sensory nerve that carries information from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord

Ganglion/Ganglia – collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Parasthesia – partial loss of feeling or sensation

Anesthesia – loss of feeling or sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between the Somatic and Autonomic nerve systems?

A

Somatic nervous system- part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

The autonomic nervous system- division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the involuntary function of internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the:
Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem (Medulla, Midbrain, Pons)

A
  • *Cerebrum**-
  • Largest portion of the brain
  • Coordinates sensory data and motor functions
  • Governs many aspects of intelligence and reasoning, learning & memory
  • *Cerebellum**-
  • Produces muscle coordination
  • Maintains normal muscle tone and posture
  • Coordinate balance

Brainstem
Medulla-
•closest to the spinal cord
•Involved with regulation of heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing & hiccupping

Pons-
-Connects the Medulla to the cerebellum and higher brain centers
•Houses cell bodies of CN V (Trigeminal) and VII (Facial)

Midbrain includes relay stations for hearing, vision and motor pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located?

A

It is located superior to the brainstem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do the thalamus and hypothalamus do?

A

Thalamus-
Serves as a central relay point for incoming nerve impulse.

  • *Hypothalamus-**
  • Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
  • Thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, blood pressure
  • Links the nervous system to the endocrine system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is included in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

•The PNS is composed of all of the nerves stretching along the CNS and the receptors, muscles and glands of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

The PNS is divided into the afferent (sensory) nervous system and the efferent (motor) nervous system.

The efferent is further divided into the
•Somatic nervous system
•Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is included in the Somatic Nervous System?

and what is its function?

A
  • Includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors
  • Sensory input from the PNS is processed by the CNS
  • Responses are sent by the PNS from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body
  • Distinct set of motor neurons from the autonomic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is included in the Autonomic Nervous System?

What is its function?

A
  • Fibers of efferent nerves, which always occur in two-nerve chains
  • First nerve chain carries autonomic fibers to a ganglion; where they end near the cell bodies of the second nerve

•Operates without conscious control to regulate homeostatic body functions and organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the Peripheral Nervous System is broken up into two different Systems which work in opposition to one another called the ________ and __________ Nervous Systems.

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the duty of the Sympathetic Nervous Systems?

Describe the unique features of the sympathetic nerves.

A

-“Fight or Flight” response

-Post-ganglionic fibers of the SCG travel as a plexus (meshwork) along arteries of the head and neck region to their destination.

•Sympathetic fibers to the head and neck region are associated with the Superior Cervical Ganglion

SHORT PRE, LONG POST ganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Describe the unique features of the parasympathetic nerves.

A

•“Rest or Digest” response

  • Parasympathetic fibers associated with the glands of the head and neck region are carried by various cranial nerves
  • There are four (4) parasympathetic ganglia located in the head region
  • Ciliary ganglion – orbital region
  • Pterygopalatine ganglion – Pterygopalatine fossa
  • Otic ganglion – Infratemporal fossa
  • Submandibualr ganglion – Floor of mouth/Sublingual region

LONG PRE SHORT POST ganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In order what are the names of the twelve cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory I

Optic II

Oculomotor III

Trochlear IV

Trigeminal V

Abducent VI

Facial VII

Vestibulocochlear VIII

Glossopharyngeal IX

Vagus X

Accessory XI

Hypoglossal XII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the location of the Olfactory Nerve its function and its involvement with the nasal cavity.

A
  • Arises from the Olfactory Trigone on the inferior surface of the forebrain
  • extends forward on anterior cranial fossa floor, and ends as Olfactory bulbs
  • Bulb sends rootlets through the pores of the cribriform plate and enter into the nasal cavity enabling us to smell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the origin of the optic nerve, its unique pathway to its destination and its function.

A
  • Origin: Lateral geniculate bodies at base of the diencephalon
  • Tracts travel forward, converge and cross over at the midline at the Optic Chiasma.

Not ALL fibres cross

  • Travels through the Optic Canal and enters back of the eye.
  • Function- Sight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the location, pathway and function of the Oculomotor nerve.

A
  • Emergence: Interpeduncular fossa of Midbrain
  • Travels forward and through dura of Triangular fossa
  • Passes through Cavernous sinus along the lateral wall
  • Passes through the Superior Orbital Fissure and enters the orbit

Function:

Somatic motor to all extraocular muscles,

except Superior Oblique & Lateral Rectus (moves eyes up, down, medial, and up and out)

Visceral motor (parasympathetic) to sphincter

pupillae and ciliary muscles of the eye (change in shape of lens and pupillary constriction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the location, pathway and function of the Trochlear nerve.

A
  • Only cranial nerve to arise from the dorsum of the brainstem
  • enters the cavernous sinus
  • Travels along lateral sinus wall and enters the orbit via the Superior Orbital Fissure

Function: Somatic motor control to superior oblique, (moves the eye down and out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the location, pathway and function of the Abducens Nerve.

A

Arises from between the pons and medulla

passes over petrous temporal ridge into the cavernous sinus below the Internal Carotid Artery.

Enters obit via superior orbital fissure

Function: somatic control of lateral rectus muscle (lateral eye movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 branches of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

CNV1- Opthamic branch

CNV2- Maxillary branch

CNV3- Mandibular branch

All originate from the Trigeminal ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the Location, pathway and function of CNV1?

What are the three branches of CNV1 (Opthalmic branch of trigeminal) identify them.

Study These Flashcards
A

Location: leaves trigeminal ganglion, enters Cavernous sinus, enters orbit at superior orbital fissure.

Function of CNV2 is ipsilateral sensation of the cornea, nare and forehead.

The Three branches of CNV1 are the Lacrimal, Nasocilliary and Frontal Nerves.

21
Q

What are the two branches of the frontal nerve?

Study These Flashcards
A

Supraorbital nerve

Supratrochlear nerve

22
Q

Label/Identify the 5 branches of the Nasociliary nerve from CNVI

Study These Flashcards
A

Infratrochlear
External nasal nerve

Internal nasal nerve

Ciliary nerves

Anterior ethmoidal nerve

23
Q

Describe the location pathway and final site of emergence for CNV2 (Maxillary branch of Trigeminal).

what is its function?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Leaves ganglion and passes through post. inf. of Cavernous Sinus
  • Exits Cavernous sinus through Foramen Rotundum
  • Enters the Pterygopalatine fossa

Function: ipsilateral sensation of the maxillary region of the face

24
Q

What are the 5 main branches off of CNV2 (Maxillary branch of trigeminal)

Study These Flashcards
A

Zygomatic Nerve
Infraorbital Nerve
Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve
Palatine Nerves

Spheno/naso-palatine Nerve

25
Name the branches of the Zygomatic, Infraorbital, and Palatine nerves.
Zygomaticofacial n., Zygomaticotemporal n. **\*\*Middle Superior Alveolar\*\* \*\*Anterior Superior Alveolar\*\*** Greater Palatine Lesser Palatine
26
Describe the location, pathway and final site of emergence for CNV3. What is its function?
CNV3 descends through the **Foramen Ovale** into the Infratemporal region. *Motor root of CNV travels ONLY with mandibular division.* **Function**:ipsilateral **sensation of the mandibular region of the face, and ipsilateral motor control of muscle of mastication**
27
Name the 5 branches from the anterior trunk of CNV3
Anterior deep temporal nerve Posterior deep temporal nerve Pterygoid nerve Buccal nerve Masseteric nerve
28
What are the 3 main branches from the Posterior trunk of CNV3.
Auriculotemporal nerve Inferior Alveolar nerve \*\*\*\* Lingual Nerve
29
Name the 3 branches of the Inferior alveolar nerve.
Incisive nerve Mental nerve Mylohoid nerve
30
Describe the location,pathway and site of emergence and function of the Facial Nerve CNVII
Exits brainstem laterally between pons and medulla Exits through **Internal Auditory Meatus** Enter *Petrous portion of temporal bone* *Branches near middle ear* within the bone as it travels through **Facial Canal** Exits onto the skull through the **Stylomastoid foramen** **Function: facial movement, lacrimation, salivation, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensation around ear**
31
What are the 3 branches that extend from the facial nerve within the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
**Stapedius nerve** (innervates ossicles of ear) **Greater Petrosal nerve** (carries *parasympathetic **preganglionic fibers** from **facial nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion***, ***postganglionic fibers travel to the lacrimal gland and the mucosal glands of the nose, palate, and pharynx***) **Chorda Tympani nerve** (carries sensory fibers for *taste **fr****om the anterior two-thirds of the tongue***.**Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion**, providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands:
32
Excluding the branches within the petrous portion of the temporal bone what are the 5 main branches off of the Facial Nerve CNVII
**Temporal Branches** – supply facial muscles above the zygomatic arch **Zygomatic Branches** –supply facial muscles in the zygomatic, orbital, and infraorbital areas **Buccal Branches** – supply muscles of the cheek and circumoral muscles **Mandibular Branches** – supply muscles of the chin and lower lip **Cervical branches** – descend to the neck to supply the platysma, posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles
33
What are some of the Main functions of the Facial Nerve CNVII
- Special sensory taste anterior two thirds of tongue - General sensory small part of external ear and external auditory meatus - Motor control to muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and stapedius muscles. Visceral motor (parasympathetic) control to all major and minor glands of head except parotid gland
34
Describe the location, pathway and final site of emergence for CNVIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
From brainstem lateral to Facial Nerve to **Internal Auditory Meatus** Enters **Petrous portion of temporal bone to supply inner ear** *divides into Vestibular portion (to semilunar canals) and Cochlear portion (to Cochlea)*
35
What is the main function of the Vestinulocochlear nerve?
**Special sensory hearing** **Balance**
36
Describe the location, site of emergence from the skull and function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
Arises as multiple rootlets from the medulla Fibers converge into bundle Passes through **Jugular Foramen** **FUNCTION:** * Special sensory taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) * General sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, middle ear * **Visceral sensory from carotid body** and sinus * motor to Stylopharyngeus muscle * **Visceral motor** (Parasympathetic) to **parotid gland**
37
Describe the Location and site of emergence for the Vagus Nerve CNX
Arises as several rootlets from the medulla converge and pass through **Jugular Foramen** **Travel to the NECK region**
38
What are the main functions of the Vagus Nerve CNX?
•Special **sensory taste from laryngeal inlet** area •General sensation from small area of external ear **•Visceral sensory from pharynx, larynx, gut to left colic flexure, bronchial tree and the hear**t •Visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thoracic and abdominal viscera
39
Where does the Accessory nerve originate from? What foramen does it exit through? | (Hint: two places)
The Accessory nerve originates from TWO sources: ## Footnote **Cranial portion** arises as _several converging rootlets_ below the vagus nerve **Spinal portion** arises from _motor spinal contributions of spinal cord segments C1 to C6_ The filaments unite and pass through the **Foramen Magnum**
40
What are the functions of the Accessory Nerve CNXI?
* Cranial - **voluntary motor to muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate** * Cranial & Spinal – **voluntary motor to Sternocleidomastoid &Trapezius muscles**
41
What are the main functions of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve CNIX?
*stimulates parotid gland,* **sensation to**: pharynx, soft palate, posterior third of tongue, auditory tube, tympanic cavity carotid sinus
42
What are the main functions of the Vagus nerve CNX?
muscles of **soft palate and pharynx** ## Footnote **parasympathetic control of heart and smooth muscles**
43
What are the main functions of the Accessory Nerve CNXI?
**muscles of the soft palate; movement of neck and shoulders**
44
Describe the location and final site of emergence for the Hypoglossal Nerve CNXII? What is its function?
Arises as several rootlets in celft of medulla between the Olive and Pyramid. rootlets converge and **exit through Hypoglossal canal**. * *Function:** * **•Somatic motor to extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue***
45
What are the 4 main Ganglion in the Head and Neck Region?\*\*\*\*\*
**Ciliary Ganglion Pterygopalatine Ganglion** **Otic Ganglion** **Submandibular Ganglion**
46
Where is the Ciliary Ganglion Located? What fibers are incoming? What fibers are outgoing?
Tiny swelling associated with the **nasocillary nerve** in the orbit. _Incoming fibers:_ **•Occulomotor nerve (CN III)** _Outgoing fibers:_ **•Short ciliary nerves (CN V1)** •supply the constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles of the eye
47
Where is the Pterygopalatine Ganglion located? Incoming Fibers? Outgoing Fibers?
**Small swelling on the Maxillary nerve as it crosses the Pterygopalatine Fossa**. Incoming: -**CNVII facial nerve** within the facial canal of the petrous temporal bone as the Greater Petrosal nerve Outgoing: •**CN V2 (occulomotor)** to supply the minor salivary glands of the mucosa of the hard and soft palate, nasal mucosa, mucosa of the paranasal air sinuses, mucosa of the superior portion of the pharynx and the lacrimal gland.
48
Where is the Otic Ganglion located Incoming Fibers? Outgoing Fibers?
Small swelling on CNV3 Occulomotor nerve as it passes through the foramen ovale. _Incoming Fibers:_ lesser petrosal nerve, from tympanic nerve which originates from **Glossalpharyngeal nerve CNIX**. _Outgoing Fibers:_ hitch hike with **Auriculotemporal nerve from CNV3** to continue the Parotid gland
49
Where is the Submandibular Gangion located? Incoming Fibers? Outgoing Fibers?
•Flattened small swelling by ganglionic branches of the lingual nerve _Incoming Fibers:_ •carried to the ganglion via the **Chorda tympani nerve (Br of CN VII)** traveling with the Lingual nerve _Outgoing Fibers:_ •Travel with the **Lingual nerve from CNV3** to supply the Sublingual, Submandibular glands and the Minor salivary glands of the floor of the mouth

head and neck anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions