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Hearing Loss (Marshall) > Anatomy of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Ear Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

3 parts of the ear

A
  • External
  • Middle
  • Internal
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2
Q

2 main parts of the external ear

A
  • Auricle/pinna
  • External acoustic meatus (ear canal)
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3
Q

What separates the external ear from the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

Innervation of auricle

A
  • More superficial surfaces: greater auricular nerve (C2, C3), lesser occipital nerve (from cervical plexus), auriculotemporal branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3)
  • Deeper parts: auricular branch of vagus nerve, facial nerve
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5
Q

Innervation of auricular muscles

A

Facial nerve (CNVII)

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6
Q

Parts of the auricle

A

Helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, concha, lobule

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7
Q

To inspect the tympanic membrane, in which direction does the doctor have to pull the pinna? Why is this necessary? What features of the EAM permit the movement?

A
  • Superiorly, posteriorly & slightly laterally because the EAM does not follow a straight course
  • To reduce the curvature of the EAM, facilitating insertion of otoscope
  • The lateral third of the EAM is cartilaginous making it flexible
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8
Q

EAM contains modified sweat glands that produce __

A

cerumen (earwax)

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9
Q

Sensory innervation of EAM

A

Major input from auriculotemporal branch of CNV3 & auricular branch of CNX

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10
Q

2 parts of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic cavity (immediately adjacent to TM)
  • Epitympanic recess (superiorly)
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11
Q

The middle ear communicates with __ posteriorly and __ anteriorly.

A
  • mastoid area
  • nasopharynx (via pharyngotympanic tube)
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12
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A
  • Malleus (largest)
  • Incus
  • Stapes (most medial)
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13
Q

What is the stapes connected to?

A

Connected to incus by synovial joint & attached to lateral wall of internal ear at oval window

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14
Q

2 muscles associated with auditory ossicles

A
  • Tensor tympani
  • Stapedius
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15
Q

Innervation of tensor tympani

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Innervation of stapedius

A

Branch of facial nerve

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17
Q

What does contraction of the tensor tympani muscle do?

A

It pulls the handle of the malleus medially, tensing the tympanic membrane. It mainly reduces vibration amplitude, protecting the inner ear.

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18
Q

What does contraction of the stapedius muscle do?

A

It pulls the stapes posteriorly, preventing excessive oscillation and therefore damage to the inner ear.

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19
Q

Parts of the malleus

A

Head, neck, anterior & posterior processes, handle

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20
Q

Parts of the incus

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A

Body, long & short limbs

21
Q

Parts of the stapes

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A

Head, anterior & posterior limbs, base

22
Q

6 boundaries of the middle ear

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A
  • Roof (tegmental wall)
  • Floor (jugular wall)
  • Anterior wall
  • Posterior (mastoid) wall
  • Lateral (membranous) wall
  • Medial (labyrinthine) wall
23
Q

What separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa?

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A

Tegmen tympani

24
Q

What enters the middle ear through a small aperture near the medial border of the floor?

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A

Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

25
Innervation of the middle ear
Tympanic plexus = tympanic branch of CNIX + branches of internal carotid plexus
26
Why can infections in the middle ear easily spread into the mastoid area?
Because the mucous membrane lining the mastoid air cells is continuous with the mucous membrane throughout the middle ear
27
Why is it extremely important not to damage the mastoid wall of the middle ear?
To prevent injury to the facial nerve
28
What is a frequent complication of mastoiditis?
Meningitis
29
What is the tympanic membrane made up of?
Connective tissue core with skin on outside & mucous membrane on inside
30
What is the name of the attachment to the handle of the malleus on the tympanic membrane?
The umbo
31
2 main parts of tympanic membrane
Pars flaccida & pars tensa
32
Innervation of TM
- Skin: auriculotemporal branch of CNV3, auricular branch of CNX - Mucous membrane: CNIX
33
Infection of middle ear
Otitis media
34
Untreated otitis media can lead to...
- Perforated tympanic membrane - Hearing loss - Meningitis - Brain abscess
35
What is Swimmer's ear?
Otitis externa (infection in external acoustic meatus)
36
What is cauliflower ear?
Subperichondrial hematoma - deformity caused by blunt trauma to auricle
37
What is Surfer's ear (exostoses)?
- Development of a 'bony lump' in EAM usually resulting from cold water - Growth of the lump eventually constricts EAM & reduces hearing.
38
What is the name for the disorder, sometimes hereditary, in which there is formation of new bone around the base of the stapes? What does this result in?
- Otosclerosis - Progressive hearing loss
39
What is acoustic neuroma?
Also know as vestibular schwannoma - benign, slow-growing tumour along vestibulocochlear nerve
40
What is a cholesteatoma?
Abnormal, non-cancerous skin growth that forms behind tympanic membrane or from tympanic membrane
41
How is the middle ear & internal ear investigated?
By CT or MRI
42
What does the internal ear consist of?
- Bony labyrinth (3 semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea) - Membranous labyrinth (semicircular ducts, utricle & saccule, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media)
43
Organs of balance
Semicircular duct, utricle & saccule
44
Organ of hearing
Cochlear duct (scala media)
45
Which ducts contain perilymph?
Scala vestibuli & scala tympani
46
Which duct contains endolymph?
Scala media
47
CNVIII divides into vestibular and cochlear parts after entering the __
internal acoustic meatus
48
Site of Organ of Corti
Basilar membrane
49
Cell types in Organ of Corti
- Inner hair cells - Outer hair cells - Auditory sensory cells

Hearing Loss (Marshall) (3 decks)

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