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Hearing Loss (Marshall) > Anatomy of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the ear

A
  • External
  • Middle
  • Internal
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2
Q

2 main parts of the external ear

A
  • Auricle/pinna
  • External acoustic meatus (ear canal)
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3
Q

What separates the external ear from the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

Innervation of auricle

A
  • More superficial surfaces: greater auricular nerve (C2, C3), lesser occipital nerve (from cervical plexus), auriculotemporal branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3)
  • Deeper parts: auricular branch of vagus nerve, facial nerve
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5
Q

Innervation of auricular muscles

A

Facial nerve (CNVII)

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6
Q

Parts of the auricle

A

Helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, concha, lobule

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7
Q

To inspect the tympanic membrane, in which direction does the doctor have to pull the pinna? Why is this necessary? What features of the EAM permit the movement?

A
  • Superiorly, posteriorly & slightly laterally because the EAM does not follow a straight course
  • To reduce the curvature of the EAM, facilitating insertion of otoscope
  • The lateral third of the EAM is cartilaginous making it flexible
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8
Q

EAM contains modified sweat glands that produce __

A

cerumen (earwax)

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9
Q

Sensory innervation of EAM

A

Major input from auriculotemporal branch of CNV3 & auricular branch of CNX

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10
Q

2 parts of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic cavity (immediately adjacent to TM)
  • Epitympanic recess (superiorly)
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11
Q

The middle ear communicates with __ posteriorly and __ anteriorly.

A
  • mastoid area
  • nasopharynx (via pharyngotympanic tube)
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12
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A
  • Malleus (largest)
  • Incus
  • Stapes (most medial)
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13
Q

What is the stapes connected to?

A

Connected to incus by synovial joint & attached to lateral wall of internal ear at oval window

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14
Q

2 muscles associated with auditory ossicles

A
  • Tensor tympani
  • Stapedius
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15
Q

Innervation of tensor tympani

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Innervation of stapedius

A

Branch of facial nerve

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17
Q

What does contraction of the tensor tympani muscle do?

A

It pulls the handle of the malleus medially, tensing the tympanic membrane. It mainly reduces vibration amplitude, protecting the inner ear.

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18
Q

What does contraction of the stapedius muscle do?

A

It pulls the stapes posteriorly, preventing excessive oscillation and therefore damage to the inner ear.

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19
Q

Parts of the malleus

A

Head, neck, anterior & posterior processes, handle

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20
Q

Parts of the incus

A

Body, long & short limbs

21
Q

Parts of the stapes

A

Head, anterior & posterior limbs, base

22
Q

6 boundaries of the middle ear

A
  • Roof (tegmental wall)
  • Floor (jugular wall)
  • Anterior wall
  • Posterior (mastoid) wall
  • Lateral (membranous) wall
  • Medial (labyrinthine) wall
23
Q

What separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa?

A

Tegmen tympani

24
Q

What enters the middle ear through a small aperture near the medial border of the floor?

A

Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

25
Q

Innervation of the middle ear

A

Tympanic plexus = tympanic branch of CNIX + branches of internal carotid plexus

26
Q

Why can infections in the middle ear easily spread into the mastoid area?

A

Because the mucous membrane lining the mastoid air cells is continuous with the mucous membrane throughout the middle ear

27
Q

Why is it extremely important not to damage the mastoid wall of the middle ear?

A

To prevent injury to the facial nerve

28
Q

What is a frequent complication of mastoiditis?

A

Meningitis

29
Q

What is the tympanic membrane made up of?

A

Connective tissue core with skin on outside & mucous membrane on inside

30
Q

What is the name of the attachment to the handle of the malleus on the tympanic membrane?

A

The umbo

31
Q

2 main parts of tympanic membrane

A

Pars flaccida & pars tensa

32
Q

Innervation of TM

A
  • Skin: auriculotemporal branch of CNV3, auricular branch of CNX
  • Mucous membrane: CNIX
33
Q

Infection of middle ear

A

Otitis media

34
Q

Untreated otitis media can lead to…

A
  • Perforated tympanic membrane
  • Hearing loss
  • Meningitis
  • Brain abscess
35
Q

What is Swimmer’s ear?

A

Otitis externa (infection in external acoustic meatus)

36
Q

What is cauliflower ear?

A

Subperichondrial hematoma - deformity caused by blunt trauma to auricle

37
Q

What is Surfer’s ear (exostoses)?

A
  • Development of a ‘bony lump’ in EAM usually resulting from cold water
  • Growth of the lump eventually constricts EAM & reduces hearing.
38
Q

What is the name for the disorder, sometimes hereditary, in which there is formation of new bone around the base of the stapes? What does this result in?

A
  • Otosclerosis
  • Progressive hearing loss
39
Q

What is acoustic neuroma?

A

Also know as vestibular schwannoma - benign, slow-growing tumour along vestibulocochlear nerve

40
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Abnormal, non-cancerous skin growth that forms behind tympanic membrane or from tympanic membrane

41
Q

How is the middle ear & internal ear investigated?

A

By CT or MRI

42
Q

What does the internal ear consist of?

A
  • Bony labyrinth (3 semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea)
  • Membranous labyrinth (semicircular ducts, utricle & saccule, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media)
43
Q

Organs of balance

A

Semicircular duct, utricle & saccule

44
Q

Organ of hearing

A

Cochlear duct (scala media)

45
Q

Which ducts contain perilymph?

A

Scala vestibuli & scala tympani

46
Q

Which duct contains endolymph?

A

Scala media

47
Q

CNVIII divides into vestibular and cochlear parts after entering the __

A

internal acoustic meatus

48
Q

Site of Organ of Corti

A

Basilar membrane

49
Q

Cell types in Organ of Corti

A
  • Inner hair cells
  • Outer hair cells
  • Auditory sensory cells

Hearing Loss (Marshall) (3 decks)

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