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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy of the GI Part 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the GI Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

Superiorly - diaphragm
Inferiorly - pelvic floor muscles
Anteriorly - abdominal wall muscles
Posteriorly - lumbar vertebral column

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2
Q

What is an omenta?

A

A double fold passing from the stomach and duodenum to other organs or the body wall

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3
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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4
Q

What are the two sacs of the peritoneum?

A

The greater and lesser sacs

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5
Q

What connects the greater and lesser sacs?

A

The epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow

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6
Q

What are the constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical - Pharyngo-oesophageal (15cm from incisors)
Thoracic - Broncho-aortic (22.5&27.5 cm from incisors)
Diaphramatic - where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus (40cm from incisors)

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7
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

To control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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8
Q

What 3 structures make up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein and Bile Duct

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9
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the liver?

A

The liver lies deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side

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10
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

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11
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

The gallbladder

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12
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Along the transpyloric plane (L1/L2)

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13
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery, hepatic artery and splenic artery

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14
Q

What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The abdominal aorta at L1

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15
Q

What are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal and Ileal arteries

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16
Q

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Anterior branch of the abdominal aorta at L3

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17
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

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18
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3 & S4)

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19
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominopelvic splancnic nerves:

  • Greater (T5-9)
  • Lesser (T10-11)
  • Least (T12)

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and abdominal aortic plexus

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20
Q

What is the function of the portal vein?

A

It collects poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich blood from the abdominal part of the GI tract (including the spleen and pancreas) and carries it to the liver

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21
Q

What veins form the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins

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22
Q

What is the location of the portal vein?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)

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23
Q

What are the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Anorectal, gastrooesophageal junctions and umbilicus

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24
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Left Upper/Lower and Right Upper/Lower

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25
What lines divide the abdomen into the four quadrants?
Transumbilical and median line
26
What are the lines that divide the abdomen into 9 regions?
Right/Left midclavicular, transpyloric and transtubercular
27
What organs and structures are found in the right hypochondrium?
Liver, gallbladder, R. kidney and small intestine
28
What organs and structures are found in the epigastric?
Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen and adrenal gland
29
What organs and structures are found in the left hypochondriac?
Spleen, colon, L. kidney and pancreas
30
What organs and structures are found in the right lumbar region?
Gall bladder, liver and ascending colon
31
What organs and structures are found in the umbilical region?
Umbilicus, jejunum. ileum, duodenum, IVC and abdominal aorta
32
What organs and structures are found in the left lumbar region?
Descending colon and left kidney
33
What organs and structures are found in the right iliac fossa/inguinal region?
Caecum, appendix and ascending colon
34
What organs and structures are found in the hypogastric/suprapubic?
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon and female reproductive organs
35
What are the organs and structures found in the left iliac fossa/inguinal region?
Descending colon and sigmoid colon
36
What are the actions of the external oblique muscle?
Rotation of the trunk and supporting the abdominal organs
37
What are the actions of the internal oblique muscle?
Supporting the abdominal wall and forced expiration
38
What are the actions of the transversus abdominus muscle?
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic stability
39
What the rectus sheath?
An aponeurosis
40
What is an aponeurosis?
A thin flat tendon
41
How does the rectus abdominus differ above and below the umbilicus?
Above - has 2 layers (anterior & posterior) | Below - has 1 layer (anterior)
42
At what vertebral level is the position of the umbilicus?
L3/4
43
Which thoracic spinal nerve segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
Ventral rami of T6-12
44
Which dermatome supplies the umbilicus?
T10
45
The inguinal ligament is attached to which bony points of the hip bones?
Pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine
46
What structure makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Aponeurosis of the external obllique
47
What structure makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis Fascia
48
What structures make up the roof of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominus
49
What structure makes up the floor of the inguinal canal/
Inguinal ligament
50
What is the relationship of deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Lateral & superior
51
Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Immediately superior
52
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?
Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and blood/lymphatic vessels
53
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?
Round ligament, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and blood/lymphatic vessels
54
What are the two subdivisions of the peritoneum?
Parietal and visceral
55
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
56
What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?
Greater and lesser sacs
57
Through which passage do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?
Foramen of Winslow/Epiploic foramen
58
Where is the epiploic foramen located?
Behind the stomach | Anteriorly bounded by the portal triad
59
Which organs are retroperitoneal?
Pancreas, duodenum, kidneys and colon (ascending and descending)
60
Which organs are intraperitoneal?
Spleen, stomach, liver, colon (tranverse and sigmoid), ilium and jejunum
61
What is present in the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal fluid
62
Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?
Parietal peritoneum
63
What are the three major openings in the diaphragm?
Caval opening, oesophageal hiatus and aortic hiatus
64
At what vertebral levels are the openings in the diaphragm?
T8, T10 and T12
65
What are the three major branches of the abdominal aorta which supplies blood to the gut tube?
Coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric
66
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
67
At what vertebral levels do the main arteries that supply the gut tube arise?
T12, L1 and L3
68
What structures are part of the foregut?
Oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and duodenum
69
What structures are part of the midgut?
Jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and right 2/3 of the transverse colon
70
What structures are part of the hindgut?
Left 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of the anal canal
71
What two veins form the portal vein?
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
72
What are the four sites of portocaval anastomosis?
In the distal oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal, anorectal junction and umbilicus
73
What effect do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on gastric secretion and peristalsis?
Parasympathetic - increases secretion | Sympathetic - Inhibits gastric secretion
74
What effect do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on the blood vessels in the gut?
Parasympathetic - vasodilation | Sympathetic - vasoconstriction
75
What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?
To reduce gastric secretion
76
What is vagotomy?
Surgery to cut one or more branches of the vagus nerve - usually to reduce the release of gastric acid in the stomach
77
What is the location of the adrenal gland and what type of gland is it?
Directly on top of the kidneys - endocrine gland
78
What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
79
What are the three constrictions of the ureter?
Pelviureteric junction, common iliac bifurcation and vesicaureteric junction (as the ureter enters the bladder wall)
80
What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney?
Pelvis of the ureter, renal vein and renal artery

Gastrointestinal (23 decks)

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