Anatomy of the GIT Flashcards by Chris Gillman-Wells

name the 9 regions of the abdomen

R/L hypochondium, RL flank, RL inguinal, epigastric, umbilical and pubis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the mesentery made up of

joining of the right and left parietal peritoneum on the posterior side of the abdomen wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the function of the mesentery

allow innervation of nerves and blood supply to the organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the layer called that covers viscera

visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what structures are retroperitoneal

ascending and descending colon
rectum
duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what structures are intraperitoneal

stomach 
ileum 
caeceum 
jejunum 
transverse and sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describe the structure and role of the stomach

highly distensible heavily folded sac for mechanical and chemical breakdown of food producing chyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what allows the stomach to be suspended in the peritoneum

greater and lesser omentum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the structure and function of the greater omentum

extends down the inferior border of the stomach and sits as an apron. responsible for fat deposition for protection, immune contribution and wound isolation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the structure of the lesser omentum

runs from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and has a free edge on the right lateral surface

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what runs in the free edge of the lesser omentum

portal vein
hepatic artery
hepatic bile ducts
hepatic plexus of nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what tube enters the stomach - what is at the exit of the stomach

oesophagus and the duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the highest point of the stomach called?

fundus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the largest part of the stomach called

body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the first part of the stomach called from the oesophagus

cardia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the region called before the exit of the stomach and which part is closest to the duodenum

pyloric canal is closest to the duodenum and pyloric anthem is closest to the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what three regions make up the small intestine

duodenum
jejunem
ileum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the function of the duodenum

primary site of nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the role of the mesentery in the small intestine

connect the jejuneum and ileum to the posterior abdomen wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what sides of the body do the jejunum and the duodenum start within the sections of the abdomen

duodenum is right upper side (RH)

jejunum is middle left (LF)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describe the anatomy of the large intestine from right to left including flexures

caecum (appendix) - ascending colon - right colic flexure - transverse colon - splenic flexure (left colic) - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anal canal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the main function of the large intestine

water absorption and transmit of waste to the rectum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does the pancreas sit

posterior to the stomach on the posterior abdomen wall, sits in the concave c aspect of the duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

secrete pancreatic juice via ducts to the duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

describe the route and joining ducts of pancreatic juice to the duodenum

main pancreatic duct joins with the bile duct from the liver forming the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla (sphincter of oddi), the ampulla opens up into the duodenum via the major duodenal papillae

where does the spleen sit

left lateral abdominal wall against the 9th 10th and 11th rib

what is the function of the spleen and why is it easy to damage

lymphatic organ and helps to filter out dead or damaged rbc | it is a superficial organ and can be penetrated by broken ribs

what separates the anterior and posterior part of the tongue

v shaped ridge - terminal sulcus

what are the four taste buds from anterior to posterior to posterior-lateral

fungiform (papillae) filliform vallate foliate

what is the role of the tonsils

immune glands that fight infection

what are the five flavours on the tongue

``` umami bitter sweet satly sour ```

what three structures make up the pharynx

nasal cavity oral cavity larynx

what is the function of the epiglottis

seal of the windpipe when swallowing - also aids in phonation

what is peristalsis

descending contractions of circular smooth muscle

what division of the nervous system controls peristalsis

enteric nervous system

how long is the oesophagus

25cm

where does the oesophagus lie

posterior to the trachea posterior to the aortic arch posterior to the heart

how does the oesophagus enter the thorax

via the thoracic inlet

where does the blood supply to the go tract come from

abdominal aorta

what organs are supplied by the coeliac trunk

``` foregut: osephagus stomach proximal half of duodenum liver and gall bladder pancreas spleen ```

what organs are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

``` distal half of duodenum jejunum ileum caecum ascending column proximal 2/3 of the transverse ```

what organs are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

distal 1/3 of the transverse descending column sigmoid column rectum

at which vertebral level do the colic trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta

T12 L1 L3

what percentage and what source does the lover receive its blood supply

hepatic artery 20% | nutrient rich and high in oxygen

what is the role of the portal system

deliver blood from the gut to the liver allowing detoxification of absorbed substances from the gut - venous blood is returned to systemic circulation via the hepatic veins

what does cirrhosis causes and how does it resolve this

hypertension in the portal vein | utilise a series of redundant portal systemic anastomoses which allow blood to return to the heart

where within the abdominal regions does the liver lie

the RH, epigastric and part of the LH

what is main function of the liver

detoxify ingested substrates, protein synthesis, storage of glycogen and production of bile

what can you see on the anterior view of the liver

right lobe left lobe falciform ligament

what is the falciform ligament made up of and what is its role

peritoneum | attaches liver to anterior wall

what can you see from the posterior view of the liver

``` right lobe left lobe caudate and quadrate gall bladder inferior vena cava ```

the free margin of the falciform ligament is thickened, what ran here before development and what has it become

umbilical vein which is now the round ligament of the liver

which is the biggest lobe of the liver

right lobe

how many functional segments are in the liver and why is this good

8 | if you need to remove a tumour from surgery you still have 7 other functioning lobes

is the liver retroperitoneal

no the liver is mostly intraperitoneal except for a small region on its superior posterior border

what is the blood supply of the liver

hepatic artery branches | portal veins

where does the gall bladder lie

between the right and quadrate lobes

what is the function of the gall bladder

STORAGE and concentration of bile

what ducts does bile exit the liver and travel to the duodenum

hepatic ducts leave the liver form the common hepatic duct joining of the cystic duct from the gall bladder forms the bile duct. bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct and enters the second part of the duodenum

what part of the ANS must be active to allow bile into the duodenum - what happens during the opposite

parasympathetic must be stimulated during sympathetic is causes contraction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter - bile therefore is pushed upwards into the gal bladder via the cystic duct

what three layers make up the stomach

mucosa (inner), submucosa and muscularis externa

what are the 6 cells of the stomach

``` D/G cells (enteroendocrine cells) surface mucus cells parietal (oxygenic) cells stem cells mucus neck cells chief cells ```

what are the differences in histology of the small intestine to the large intestine

small intestine has 4 layers small intestine has microvilli in proximal 2/3 contains plicae ciricularea small intestine has mucosa and submucosa large intestine has more goblet cells to secrete mucus for faeces

why does the pain moves in appendicitis

goes from central to right lilac fossa due to referred pain

function of parietal cells chief cells g cells d cells

secrete HCL secrete pepsinogen and lipase secrete gastrin - stimulate HCL and pepsinogen release secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin

what causes peptic ulcer

high alcohol or aspirin abuse causing high acidity in the stomach

what are teanae coli haustra epiploic appendages

three brands of smooth muscles bulges caused by contraction of smooth muscle fat accumulations

what is diverticulosis what causes it and what can in lead to

outpockets of the mucosa that push through the outer muscular layers caused by poor fibre in the diet can lead to diverticulitis which is when one or more become inflamed and infected