anatomy of the heart and circulation

Question 1

define the pericardium

Answer 1

The pericardium is a fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and its great vessels.

Question 2

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 2

The pericardium consists of two layers:
o Fibrous (provides protection and structural support)
o Serous (provides lubrication)
Consists of 2 extra parts:
Parietal – Lines the fibrous (distal to heart).
Visceral – Adheres to the heart (proximal to heart).

Question 3

what are the branches off the aortic arch?

Answer 3

The brachiocephalic trunk (only 1 in arteries) exists on the right side and bifurcates into:
o Right subclavian artery (to body).
o Right common carotid artery (to head).
+ The left common carotid and left subclavian come directly off the aortic arch.

Variation means some people have a left brachiocephalic trunk.
NOTE: The subclavian vessels that supply the body go off laterally (compared to the carotid which supplies the head). This is used to identify.

Question 4

layers of the heart in to out

Answer 4

endocardium 
myocardium 
visceral pericardium 
parietal pericardium 
fibrous pericardium

Question 5

describe endocardium

Answer 5

one cell thick layer which is the interface between heart and blood

Question 6

describe myocardium

Answer 6

thick layer of cardiac muscle cells

Question 7

describe visceral pericardium

Answer 7

the epicardium: a layer of serous tissues between the myocardium and the pericardial space

Question 8

describe parietal pericardium

Answer 8

a layer of serous tissue lining the fibrous pericardium and facing the pericardial space

Question 9

describe fibrous pericardium

Answer 9

connective tissue to protect the heart and hold its position

Question 10

name the 4 valves

Answer 10

tricuspid
mitral valve (only one with 2 cusps)
aortic valve
pulmonary valve

Question 11

3 layers of tissue in blood vessels

Answer 11

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Question 12

function of artery

Answer 12

conduit vessels

carry blood from one location to another

Question 13

function of arteriole

Answer 13

resistance vessels

because they control the flow into the copious numbers of capillary beds

Question 14

function of capillary

Answer 14

exchange vessels

because they are responsible for gas exchange, absorption and secretion

Question 15

vein

Answer 15

capacitance

because they contain the majority of blood at any given time

Question 16

coronary arteries

Answer 16

• left circumflux
• right coronary artery
• left anterior descending
• right conous artery

Question 17

origin or coronary arteries

Answer 17

there are three which branch off to superior vessels all originate superior to aortic valve coming from L and R cusps

Question 18

Major coronary veins

Answer 18

anterior veins 
small cardiac vein 
right marginal vein 
middle cardiac vein 
anterior interventricular vein 
great cardiac vein

Question 19

where do all coronary veins join?

Answer 19

coronary sinus

to the right atrium