Anatomy of the Heart and Coronary Circulation Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

The space between the pleural cavities , occupying the centre of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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4
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

Tough connective tissue outer layer

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal and visceral

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6
Q

Where are the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal - Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral - adheres to the heart and forms the outer covering

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7
Q

Where does the pericardial cavity lie and what does it contain

A

between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium filled with the pericardial fluid

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8
Q

What are the roles of the pericardial fluid

A
  • Acts as a shock absorber by reducing friction between the pericardial membranes
  • Keeps the heart contained in the chest cavity
  • Prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases
  • Limits heart motion
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9
Q

What do the partitions that divide the heart into four chambers generate on the surface of the heart

A

Grooves/Sulci

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10
Q

What are the sulci found on the heart

A

Coronary sulcus

Anterior and posterior Interventricular sulci

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11
Q

Describe the coronary sulcus

A

Circles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles

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12
Q

Describe the inter ventricular sulci

A

Separates the two ventricles

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13
Q

What valves are found between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

The atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

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14
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from

A

Superior and inferior vena cava (from the body) and the coronary sinus (from walls of the heart itself)

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15
Q

What is the triscupid valve attached to

A

The papillary muscles of the ventricular wall by the chordae tendinae (heart strings)

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16
Q

What is the role of chordae tendinae

A

Helps to stabilise the valve and prevent back flow

17
Q

What valve is found between the left atrium and ventricle

A

The mitral (bicuspid) valve

18
Q

What does the right atrium receive blood from

A

4 pulmonary veins

19
Q

What is the valve between the left ventricle and aorta

20
Q

Where are semi lunar valves found

A

Between the ventricles and arteries

21
Q

Are aortic valves usually tricuspid or bicuspid

22
Q

What can occur if the aortic valve is bicuspid

A

Usually no symptoms but middle age may result in it becoming stiff and thick causing aortic stenosis

23
Q

How is the “lub” (S1) sound caused

A

The turbulence caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole

24
Q

How is the “dub” (S2) sound caused

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves marking the end of systole

25
What time periods makes up systole and diastole
``` Systole = Period between S1 and S2 Diastole = Period between D2 and S1 ```
26
What is an incompetent valve
Allows blood back into the chamber from which it was expelled
27
What is a stenotic valve
impedes blood flow from one chamber to the next
28
What is a calcified aortic valve
Valve is narrow and densely calcified, can inly put fingertip through
29
What is the cardiac skeleton made of
Four rings of CT with interconnecting areas in a place between the atria and the ventricles
30
What are the roles and functions of the cardiac skeleton
Helps maintain integrity of the openings it surrounds and provides points of attachment for the cusps Dense CT partition that electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles.
31
What is the only connection between the antra and ventricles
the atrioventricular bundle that passes through the anulus
32
How does coronary blood flow relate to oxygen demand
When oxygen consumption and cardiac activity increases, coronary blood flow increases proportionate to the increase in oxygen consumption
33
Name 2 important regulators of coronary blood flow
Adenosine | Nitric oxide
34
When in the cardiac cycle does most coronary flow occur
during diastole | therefore tachycardia decreases time for coronary flow
35
How does coronary blood flow relate to arterial pressures
Over a range (50-120mmHg) coronary blood flow is relatively independent of arterial pressure When arterial pressure increases the smooth muscle in the wall of the arterioles contracts to maintain a constant flow (auto regulation)
36
What is ischemic heart disease
A condition where the flow of blood to the heart muscles is restricted, normally caused by narrowed arteries due to plaque
37
What is the dental relevance of ischemic heart disease
May present with tooth or jaw aches. | Dental treatment may provoke symptoms or acute complications