Anatomy of the heart- lecture 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
What structures are contained within the lung root
A
- Pulmonary artery
- Main bronchus
- pulmonary veins - 2 for each lung
- Pulmonary lymphatic vessels
- Bronchopulmonary lympho nodes
- Autonomic motor nerves
- Pulmonary visceral afferents
2
Q
Where is the heart located
A
middle mediastinum
3
Q
Where are the phrenic nerves found in relation to the heart
A
Descend down lateral borders of the pericardium
4
Q
There are two nerves found in the middle pericardium how can we find these
A
- Vagus nerve - Posterior to hilum
- Phrenic nerve - anterior to Hilum
5
Q
What are the layers of the pericardium
A
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
- Parietal serous layer
- Visceral serous layer - this is the Epicardium
6
Q
What is between the two serous layers
A
Pericardial cavity/sac
- Secretes serous fluid
- To reduce surface tension and lubricate the heart
7
Q
What pathology can airse in the pericardial cavity
A
Haemopericardium - heart fills with blood
- Can put pressure on the heart and prevent contraction
- Can lead to cardiam tamponade - preventing normal beats
8
Q
What is the treatment for fluid in the pericaridal space
A
Pericaridocentesis
- Draining fluid
- Needle inserted via infrasternal angle and directed superior-posteriorly, aspirating continously
- Below the costal cartilages
9
Q
What is the transverse pericardial Sinus
A
- A channel between the posterior left and right sides of the pericardial cavity
- Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
- Anterior to the SVC
- Can put fingers behind the 2 vessels
10
Q
What is the significance of the transverse percardial sinus
A
Surgical importance
- Cardiopulmonary bypass
- Isolate the two vessels and tie them off
11
Q
What are the Great vessels of the heart
A
12
Q
What are the clinically important surfaces of the heart
A
- Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface
- Base (Posterior) Surface
- Inferior (Diaphragmatic) Surface
13
Q
What are the cinically important borders of the heart
A
- Right border - Right atrium
- Left (lateral) Border - Left ventricle
- Inferior border - Right ventricle
- Superior border - Great vessels
14
Q
What is the apex
A
Clinically the most lateral and inferior aspect of the heart
- Located in left side, 5th intercostal space midclavicular line
15
Q
What is the anterior surface anatomy of the heart
A
16
Q
2 nerves in the superior mediastinum
A
- Vagus - most medial
- Phrenic- most lateral
17
Q
What are the main veins form the heart
A
- Internal jugular vein - drians head and neck - left and right
- Subclavian vein - upper limb drainage
- these two form the Brachiocephalic vein - on the Right
- Brachiocephlic vien on left is a branch of the SVC
- Pulmonary veins - brings oxygenated blood back to the heart into the left atrium -4 pulmonary veins - 2 on each side
- the Two brachiocephalic veins come together to form superior vena cava
18
Q
What are the main ateries of the heart
A
- Pulmonary arteries - Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Aorta
- Ascending aorta
- Arch of aorta
- Descending Aorta
19
Q
What are the branches of the arch of aorta
A
- Brachiocephalic Trunk - Bifurcates into common carotic and right subclavian
- Left common carotid - head and neck
- Left subclavian artery - left upper limb
20
Q
What are auricles
A
Extension of the Atria - allow atria to fill with more blood
- Right Auricle = extension of right atrium
- Left auricle = Extension of left atrim
21
Q
What are the grooves in the heart
A
- Right side = coronory groove for coronary artery
- Left side = anterior intraventricular groove
- Boundary between left and right ventricles
- where anterior intra-ventricular artery - Left anterior descending
22
Q
What the bas eof the heart mostly composed of
A
Left atrium
23
Q
What is the anatomy of the posterior side of the heart
A
24
Q
What is the coronory sinus
A
- Short Vein - located in the atrioventricular groove
- Recieves blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the Right atrium
- Border between the base and inferior surface of the heart
25
what are the posterior grooves in the heart
1. **Posterior intra-ventricular groove -**
* This is where the **intra-ventricular artery lies -** Branch of _right_ coronary artery
2. **Intra-arterial Groove**
* Visualised only from base and no artery lies here
3. **Atrio-ventricular groove -** transvere groove
* Between the atria and ventricle - this is where the coronary arteriy lies transversle
26
What does the **Azygous vein drain** and where does it drain into
* Drains - **posterior inter-costal veins**
* Drains into - **superior vena cava**
27
what are the first branches off the **Ascending aorta**
Coronary arteries
28
What is the first branch of the **Arch of aorta**
**Brachiocephalic trunk**
29
What are the branches off of the right coronory artery
* Anterior - **right marginal artery**
* Posterior **intraventricular artery**
30
What are the branches of the left coronary artery
1. anterior intraventricular artery- **left anterior descedning**
2. **Left marginal branch**
* **Circumference artery -** branches from left mariginal
* **Lateral branch -** from **left anterior descending**
31
What is the coronary sinus
Vein at the back of the heart that drains deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins into **right atrium**
32
What are the septums of the heart
1. **intra-atrial septum -** between left and right atrium
2. **Intraventricular septum -** between left and right atrium
33
What are the type of septal defects in the heart
1. **Atrial-septal defect** ****
2. **Intra-ventricular septal defect**
* ****mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can cause **hypoxaemia**
34
What are the 3 openings into the right atrium
1. **superior vena cava**
2. **inferior vena cava**
3. **Coronary sinus**
35
Describe the anatomy of the interior of the **right atirum**
1. **Muscular Texture -** muscular bands
2. **Smooth area - posterior wall of atrium**
* **Crista terminalis -** line that separates the two texture
3. **Oval fossa -** in the smooth muscle posterior wall
* **Embryological reminant**
36
Describe the **Tricuspid valves**
* **3 cusps - names according to anatomical position**
1. **Anterior cusp**
2. **Posterior cusp**
3. **Septal cusp -** directly toward the intraventricular septum
37
Describe the **pulmonary vavle**
1. **Anterior cusp**
2. **Left Cusp**
3. **Right Cusp**
38
Describe the **Bicuspid vavle**
1. **anterior**
2. **Posterior cusp**
39
Describe the **Aortic vavle**
1. **Right Cusp**
2. **Left Cusp**
3. **Posterior Cusp**
* **Ostia** - 2 right and left sinues for coronary ateries
40
What is the **leaflet design** and which cusps have these
1. **Tricuspid**
2. **Bisbuspid**
* ****Connected by **papillary muscle** to walls of ventricules
* Leaflet is connected to PM by **chordae tendineae/ Tendonous cords**
* prevent vavles from being pulled back into atirum
41
What are **semi-lunar vavles**
1. **Aortic vavle**
2. **Pulmonary vavle**
* **Half-moon shaped**
42
Describe the interior of the ventricle anatomy
1. **Papillary muscle**
2. **Valves**
3. **Fibrous skeleton**
4. **Moderator bands**
43
Describe the fibrous bands
* **Shortcut for electricle activity reaching anterior cusp of tricuspid valve**
* why? because its positioned further away - needs short-cut to allow it to contract at the same time as other cusps
44
Whats the function of the fibrous skeleton
* Links the vavles
* Gives structural integritiy
* Allows abit of solid tissue valves to anchor on to
* **Allows electricle conduction through heart**
45
Describe the interior of the **left atrium**
* **Foamen ovale -** Remenant of formen ovale valve
* Cusps of mitral vavle
* **Left auricle opening**
* **Bilateral opening of superior and inferior pulmonary veins**
46
What are all the auscultatory sites on the thorax
