Anatomy of the Individual - Surface Anatomy Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Where does the clavicle articulate?
A
Acromion process of scapula and manubrium of sternum
2
Q
Where is the jugular notch?
A
At the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles
3
Q
Which bones articulate at the sternal angle and by which type of joint?
A
Manubrium and body of sternum articulate in a synarthrosis joint (secondary cartilaginous). Second pair of costal cartilages also attach
4
Q
Which soft tissue structures underlie the manubrium and which mediastinum do they lie in?
A
Soft tissue structures of the superior mediastinum, including: oesophagus, trachea, thymus, phrenic, vagus and left recurrent pharyngeal nerves, SVC, brachiocephalic veins aortic arch and thoracic duct
5
Q
How many true ribs are there?
A
6 pairs
6
Q
How many false ribs are there?
A
4 pairs (ribs 7-10)
7
Q
How many floating ribs are there?
A
2 pairs
8
Q
Can you palpate rib 1?
A
Difficult to palpate as behind clavicle, but can be felt superior to upper trapezius on inspiration
9
Q
Describe the pleural cavity (parietal pleura) on the left side
A
Extends 2-3cm above middle of medial 1/3rd clavicle. Reaches midline at sternal angle. Moves away from midline at 4th costal cartilage to accommodate the heart. Crosses midclavicular line at 8th cc, midaxillary line at 10th rib and follows 12th rib to posterior body wall
10
Q
Describe the pleural cavity (parietal pleura) on the right side
A
Extends 2-3cm above middle of medial 1/3rd of clavicle. Reaches midline at sternal angle. Moves away from midline at 6th cc. Crosses midclavicular line at 8th cc, midaxillary line at rib 10 and follows rib 12 to posterior body wall
11
Q
How high does the dome of diaphragm reach?
A
On left side 5th intercostal space and on right side 4th intercostal space
12
Q
How does the pattern of the visceral pleura differ from the parietal pleura?
A
Visceral pleura does not pass into costodiaphragmatic recesses and is 2 rib spaces higher in midclavicular and midaxillary lines, then follows the line of the 10th rib to posterior body wall
13
Q
Which lung has three lobes?
A
Right lung
14
Q
Describe the route of the oblique fissure
A
The oblique fissure divides both lungs into an upper and lower lobe. It runs from the 3rd thoracic vertebrae posteriorly to the 6th costochondral junction anteriorly.
15
Q
Describe the route of the horizontal fissure
A
Divides right lobe into upper and middle lobes. Runs horizontally from the oblique fissure (posteriorly) to the 4th cc (anteriorly).
16
Q
Where does the apex of the heart normally lie?
A
left midclavicular line 5th intercostal space
17
Q
Where does the inferior border of the heart run?
A
in a horizontal line from the apex to the right border of the heart
18
Q
Where does the right border of the heart run?
A
In a vertical line 1-2cm beyond the right border of the sternum
19
Q
Where does the left border of the heart run?
A
From the apex it travels superiorly and medially to the sternal end of the 2nd intercostal space
20
Q
How do the borders of the heart correspond to its chambers?
A
The right border is formed by the right atrium, the left border is formed by the left ventricle and the left atrial appendage, the anterior border is the right ventricle and the posterior border is the left atrium superiorly, left ventricle and inferior vena cava
21
Q
Which valves are the atrioventricular valves? Which chambers do they connect?
A
Tricuspid and Mitral valves. Tricuspid is between right atrium and ventricle, mitral is between left atrium and ventricle
22
Q
Which valves are the semilunar valves? Which structures do they connect?
A
Aortic valve connects left ventricle to ascending aorta
Pulmonary valve connects right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
23
Q
Where are chest drains most commonly inserted?
A
The “safe triangle” a region in the 5th intercostal space, midaxillary line which is bordered by latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, a line from the nipple and an apex in the axilla
24
Q
Where is a drain inserted for an apical pneumothorax?
A
2nd intercostal space
25
Which structures can be found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
Liver, gallbladder, colon (hepatic flexure and transverse colon), right kidney, suprarenal gland, duodenum, head of pancreas, small intestine
26
Which structures can be found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
Left kidney, suprarenal gland, spleen, stomach, body and tail of pancreas, jejunum, colon (splenic flexure and transverse colon)
27
Which structures an be found in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
ascending colon, caecum, appendix, small intestine
28
Which structures can be found in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
descending colon, sigmoid colon, small intestine
29
How is the abdomen divided into quadrants (using which lines)?
A vertical line and a horizontal line through the umbilicus
30
Which lines divide the abdomen into its 9 regions?
Two Horizontal lines: one through the transpyloric plane and one through the transtubercular plane
Two vertical lines through the midpoint of each clavicle to the midpoint of each inguinal ligament
31
What is the transpyloric plane?
A horizontal line across the abdomen level with the tip of the 9th costal cartilage
32
What is the transtubercular plane?
A horizontal line across between the tubercles of the iliac crest/along the upper portion of the body of L5 vertebrae
33
Which structures are found in the right hypochondrium of the abdomen?
liver, gallbladder, (kidney) suprarenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon
34
Which structures are found in the epigastrium of the abdomen?
liver, transverse colon, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava
35
Which structures can be found in the left hyochondrium of the abdomen?
stomach, spleen, (kidney) suprarenal gland, splenic flexure of colon
36
Which structures can be found in the right lumbar region of the abdomen?
kidney, ascending colon and small intestine
37
Which structures can be found in the umbilical region of the abdomen?
Duodenum, pancreas, small intestine, aorta, IVC, iliac vessels (transverse colon)
38
Which structures can be found in the left lumbar region of the abdomen?
kidney, descending colon, pancreas, small intestine
39
Which structures can be found in the right iliac region of the abdomen?
caecum, appendix, small intestine
40
Which structures can be found in the hypogastric/suprapubic region of the abdomen?
bladder, rectum, small intestine iliac vessels, spermatic cords
41
Which structures can be found in the left iliac region of the abdomen?
sigmoid colon and small intestine
42
What is the jugular line?
A vertical line down the centre of the sternum from the jugular notch
43
What is the sternal line?
A vertical line down the lateral aspect of the sternum
44
What is the midclavicular line?
A vertical line from the midpoint of the clavicle to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
45
What is the parasternal line?
A vertical line halfway between the sternal and midclavicular lines
46
What is the anterior axillary line?
A vertical line marking the anterior axillary fold formed by the pectoralis major muscle
47
What is the posterior axillary line?
A vertical line marking the posterior axillary fold formed by the teres major muscle
48
What is the midaxillary line?
A vertical line in the midpoint between anterior and posterior axillary lines
49
What is the subcostal plane?
A horizontal line marking the lowest level of the thoracic cage, level with the 10th costal cartilage
50
What is the supra-crestal plane?
A horizontal plane connecting the top of the iliac crests
51
What is the interspinal plane?
A horizontal line connecting the anterior superior iliac crests
52
Which vertebral level is vertebrae prominens?
C7
53
Which vertebral level is level with the medial edge of the spines of the scapula?
T3
54
Which vertebral level is level with the inferior angle of the scapula?
T7
55
Which vertebral level is level with the lower limit of the thoracic cavity?
T12
56
Which vertebral level is level with the iliac crests?
L4
57
Which vertebral level is level with the posterior superior iliac spines?
S2
58
What are the semi-lunar lines?
bilateral vertical curved lines where layers of rectus sheath fuse in anterior abdominal wall
59
What are the boundaries of the abdomen?
Diaphragm, xiphoid process and costal cartilages superiorly, pelvic brim and pelvic floor inferiorly, lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. Walls formed by rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles
60
Describe the location of the aorta within the abdomen?
- Left of midline
- 2.5cm above transpyloric plan to 2.5cm below supracrestal plane, where it bifuractes into common iliac arteries around the level of L4
- Passes through diaphragm via aortic hiatus at T12
61
Describe the location of the IVC within the abdomen?
Right of the midline
Formed from the union of common iliac veins around L4/5
Runs from 2.5cm below supracrestal plane to just above 6th cc
Passes through diaphragm at caval opening at T8
62
Describe the location of the liver within the abdomen
Upper border - LHS passes 7cm past xiphisternal joint, RHS continues around right side
Lower border - LHS runs an oblique line from 7cm past midline to the left of 8th cc
RHS follows border of costal cartilage from left to right
63
Describe the location of the gallbladder within the abdomen
small, sac-like structure around 3cm diameter
| difficult to palpate as lies behind the liver on the midclavicular line around the right 9th costal cartilage
64
Describe the location of the spleen within the abdomen
Posterior to ribs 9-11 on left side near midaxillary line
| Roughly 10cm long, 7cm wide and 3-4 cm thick
65
Describe the location of the stomach within the abdomen
Oesophageal junction is at cardiac oriface along 7th costal cartilage, 2.5cm left of midline and level with xiphoid process
Pyloric origace is transpyloric plane, 1.5cm right of the midline (9th cc)
Remainder is variable: fundus may be as high as 5th ic space 7cm left of midline or as low as 10th cc
greater and lesser curvatures just run between the cardiac and pyloric regions
66
Describe the location of the duodenum in the abdomen
Approx 25cm in length to connect pyloric valve of stomach to jejunum
4 parts:
part 1 runs 5cm right of the pylorus to costal margin
part 2 runs 7.5cm down and left to 10th cc
part 3 runs 10 cm left across the body of L3
part 4 ascends 2.5cm to jejunum at level of L2, 2cm left of midline
67
Where does the jejunum begin?
Level of L2, 2cm left of midline
68
Describe the location of the appendix within the abdomen
lies in midclavicular line, 1.5cm medial to ASIS
69
Where is pain from the appendix referred to?
Initially to umbilical region as general visceral pain, then over McBurney's point in right iliac fossa
70
Describe the location of the pancreas in the abdomen
crosses from right to left anterior to L1
Head surrounded by duodenum
Body lies on transpyloric plane
Tail abuts onto hilum of spleen
71
Where does the splenic vein run?
Posterior to pancreas before joining superior mesenteric vein posterior to neck of pancreas to form hepatic portal vein
72
Where does splenic artery run?
Superior to pancreas, giving off pancreatic arteries to supply pancreas body and tail
73
Describe the location of the right kidney in the abdomen
protected by rib 12, upper margin around T12, lower margin around L3
Hilum approx 3cm from midline, lateral border approx 6.5cm from midline
74
Describe the location of the left kidney within the abdomen
protected by rib 11 and 12, superior margin around T12, inferior margin around L3
Hilum approx 3cm from midline, lateral border approx 6.5cm from midline
75
Where are the trunks of the brachial plexus with respect to the clavicle?
Supraclavicular notch posterior to the middle 1/3rd of the clavicle
76
True or False: The lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle is convex?
FALSE - the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle is convex, the lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle is concave
77
What attaches to the coracoid process?
Biceps muscle
78
Where is the medial border of the scapula located? What prevents it being palpated easily?
5cm lateral to the spines of T2-8, covered by attachments of the rhomboid muscles
79
Which ribs does the inferior angle of the scapula normally cover?
Posterolateral aspect of ribs 7 and 8
80
Why must the scapula move during movement of the upper limb above the head?
If the scapula did not move when the limb is raised, the head of humerus would come into contact with the acromion process and prevent movement above shoulder level
81
Why must the scapula move during anterior movement of the upper limb?
Scapula must protract/abduct to allow arm to move anteriorly
82
Which structure lies within the intertubercular groove near the head of humerus?
tendon of long head of biceps brachii (between tendons of pectoralis major and teres major)
Anterior circumflex humeral artery also runs through here, and latissimus dorsi inserts into the floor of the groove
83
Which muscle group originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Extensor muscles including the supinator, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris
84
Which large muscle inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna?
Tendon of triceps brachii
85
Which muscle group originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Flexor muscles of the forearm, including flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis
86
Which cord-like structure is protected in a bony groove posterior to the medial epicondyle?
ulnar nerve
87
Which carpal bone is found immediately distal to the ulna?
Triquetral
88
Which carpal bone sits on the anterior surface of the triquetral bone?
Pisiform
89
Which type of joint exists between the carpal bones? Why?
plane synovial joints - the small gliding motion they allow contributes to greater freedom of movement of the wrist
90
Which carpal bone, distal and lateral to the pisiform, has a palpable hook?
Hamate
91
Branches of which nerve are associated with the hamate bone?
branches of the ulnar nerve
92
What is the anatomical snuffbox?
triangular deepening on the radial, dorsal aspect of the hand—at the level of the carpal bones
93
What forms the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?
Tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
94
What forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox?
tendon of extensor pollicis longus
95
Which bony landmark forms the proximal border of the anatomical snuffbox?
Styloid process of radius
96
Which carpal bones form the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
trapezium and scaphoid
97
Which important neurovascular structures are found in the anatomical snuffbox
The radial artery passes through before forming the deep and superficial palmar arches
The cephalic vein arises within the snuffbox
98
Which type of joint is found at the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
A synovial saddle joint
99
Abduction of the wrist makes which bony feature of the ulna more prominent?
The ulnar styloid process
100
The tendon of which muscle runs along the medial side of the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
The tendon of extensor pollicis longus
101
A line running transversely across a flexed wrist distal to the radial and ulnar styloid processes would coincide with the posterior surfaces of which carpal bones?
Scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones
102
The bases of which metacarpals are associated with:
- trapeziod
- capitate
- hamate
Trapezoid lies at the base of 2nd metacarpal
Capitate at 3rd metacarpal
Hamate at 4th and 5th metacarpals
103
Where is the subclavian artery palpable?
Where it passes over the 1st rib posterior to the midpoint of the clavicle
104
Where is the axillary artery palpable?
By pressing upwards and lateral on the lateral wall of the axilla - NB this may also compress cords of the brachial plexus
105
Where is the brachial artery palpable?
On the medial side of the biceps tendon
| Also just prior to the bicipital aponeurosis in the cubital fossa
106
Which nerves may be palpated superior and inferior to the brachial artery?
ulnar nerve superiorly and median nerve inferiorly
107
Where is the radial artery palpated?
0.5cm medial to the lower border of the radial styloid process, between the anterior border of radius and the tendon of flexor carpi radialis
Also palpable in the anatomical snuffbox against scaphoid bone
108
Where is the ulnar artery palpable?
May be palpated at the wrist, lateral to the pisiform bone
109
Where is the princeps pollicis artery palpable?
In the cleft between the thumb and index finger on the anteromedial side of the thumb
110
Where might the priceps indicis artery be palpated?
On the lateral side of the metacarpal of the index finger
111
Where do the superficial veins of the upper limb originate?
The dorsal venous arch of the hand
112
Which vein runs from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch, through the anatomical snuffbox and along the lateral border of the forearm?
Cephalic vein
113
Which vein runs from the lateral border of the forearm, anterior to the head of the radius at the cubital fossa, lateral to biceps brachiii and into the deltopectoral groove?
Cephalic Vein
114
Which vein pierces the clavopectoral fascia to drain into the axillary vein?
Cephalic vein
115
Which vein runs from the medial side of the dorsal venous arch, along the medial side of the forearm?
Basilic vein
116
Which vein runs from the medial side of the forearm, anterior to the medial condyle of the humerus and along the medial side of the arm?
Basilic vein
117
Which vein pierces the deep fascia on the medial side of the arm to join with the brachial veins, forming the axillary vein?
Basilic vein
118
Which veins communicate between the basilic and cephalic veins? Where?
median cubital or median antebrachial vein - in the skin covering the cubital fossa
119
Why is the median cubital (or equivalent) vein clinically relevant?
It is a common site of venepuncture
120
Are the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves palpable?
No, they are too deep
121
Where are the trunks of the brachial plexus palpable?
Palpable with deep pressure above the medial part of the clavicle, close to sternocleidomastoid
122
Where may the radial nerve be palpated?
Rolled against the surface of humerus halfway down the lateral side of the arm (below insertion of deltoid and anterior to lateral head of triceps brachii)
123
Where may the superficial branch of the radial nerve be palpated?
On the distal half of lateral surface of radius as it passes from under brachioradialis onto the dorsum of the hand
124
Where might the median nerve be palpated?
between tendons of flexor carpi radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis on anterolateral aspect of wrist
125
Which structures are vulnerable during dislocation of the shoulder?
Axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral vessels, brachial plexus, axillary artery
126
Which structures are vulnerable during mid-shaft fracture of the humerus?
Radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels
127
Which structures are vulnerable during fracture of the humeral condyles?
Ulnar nerve, median nerve and brachial artery
128
Which structures are vulnerable during fracture of the distal radius and ulna?
Radial artery, ulnar artery, ulnar nerve and median nerve
129
Which structures are vulnerable during incisions/lacerations in the thenar eminence?
Median nerve, ulnar nerve
130
Which structures are vulnerable during incisions/lacerations in the hypothenar eminence?
Ulnar nerve
131
Which structures are vulnerable during mid-palm incisions/lacerations?
Flexor tendons, branches of the median nerve, palmar digital artery
132
Which structures attach to the ASIS?
Sartorius muscle and inguinal ligament
133
Where does the iliotibial tract attach to the pelvis?
Tubercle of Iliac Crest, 5-7cm posterior to ASIS
134
Which muscle group attaches to the ischial tuberosity? Which muscles not in this group also attach there?
The hamstring muscles (semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris) additionally, adductor magnus
135
Which nerve is associated with the posterior surface of head of fibula?
Common fibular nerve
136
Where does the tendon of biceps femoris insert?
Head of fibula
137
Which muscle inserts medially to the semitendinosus?
Gracilis
138
Which 2 tendons attach to the medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal?
Tendons of peroneus longus and tibialis anterior
139
Which nerve root does the achilles tendon reflex test?
S1 spinal nerve
140
Where is the femoral artery palpable?
In the groin, below the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
141
Where does the femoral artery end?
it becomes the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa
142
Where is the popliteal artery palpable?
In the popliteal fossa, with the knee at a 45 degree angle
143
Were does the anterior tibial artery arise?
It is a branch of the popliteal artery in the anterior compartment of the leg
144
Where is the anterior tibial artery palpable?
Anteromedial aspect of ankle joint, between the tendons of EHL and EDL
145
Which artery is dorsalis pedis a branch of?
Anterior tibial artery
146
Where is dorsalis pedis palpable?
Space between 1st and 2nd metatarsals
147
Where is the posterior tibial artery palpated?
Posterior to the medial malleolus between the tendons of EDL and FHL
148
Where is the posterior tibial artery in relation to the tibial nerve at the medial malleolus?
medial to the tibial nerve
149
Which artery branches to give medial and lateral plantar arteries in the sole of the foot?
Posterior tibial artery
150
Where do the superficial veins on the dorsum of the foot arise?
From the dorsal venous arch
151
Where does the great saphenous vein arise from?
From the medial side of the dorsal venous arch
152
Describe the course of the great saphenous vein
arises from medial side of dorsal venous arch, passes over anterior surface of medial malleolus and runs over medial aspect of leg. Crosses knee posterior to medial condyles and ascends medial thigh to drain into femoral vein
153
Where does the small saphenous vein arise?
From the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch
154
Describe the course of the small saphenous vein
arises from lateral side of dorsal venous arch, passes posterior to lateral malleolus then runs along the lateral side of tendocalcaneus to the posterior aspect of the calf where it drains into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa
155
Where is the femoral nerve in the femoral triangle?
Most lateral component of the femoral triangle
156
Which compartment does the obturator nerve lie within?
Medial compartment of thigh
157
Which compartment does the sciatic nerve run deep to?
Posterior compartment of thigh
158
Where does the tibial nerve run?
Within the popliteal fossa, then deep to the gastrocnemius and soleus in calf. Passes posterior to medial malleolus before passing into the sole of the foot to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves
159
Where can the tibial nerve be palpated?
Posterior to the medial malleolus
160
Which nerve gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar nerves?
Tibial nerve
161
Which nerve gives rise to the common peroneal nerve?
Sciatic nerve
162
Where does the common peroneal nerve run?
From the sciatic nerve down the medial side of the tendon of biceps femoris, around the head of fibula before dividing into deep and superficial
163
Which nerve gives rise to the superficial and deep peroneal nerves?
Common peroneal nerve
164
Where can the common peroneal nerve be palpated?
As it passes around the head of the fibula
165
Which compartment is the deep peroneal nerve found in?
Anterior compartment of the leg
166
What is the course of the deep peroneal nerve?
From the common peroneal nerve, deep through the anterior compartment of the leg then crosses the anterior surface of the ankle
167
Where can the deep peroneal nerve be palpated?
lateral to the dorsalis pedis artery, between the tendons of EHL and EDL
168
Where does the superficial peroneal nerve run?
From common peroneal down the anterolateral aspect of the leg, emerges from between peroneus longus and brevis to the dorsum of the foot
169
Where is the superficial peroneal nerve palpable?
Medial to the anterior border of the lateral malleolus, after emerging between peroneus longus and brevis
170
Describe the location of the ethmoid bone
Spongy sieve-like unpaired bone in midline of anterior cranium - forms the roof of the nasal cavity, separating it from the cranial cavity and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit
171
Describe the general location of the sphenoid bone
Butterfly shaped bone sitting anteriorly in the cranium, contributing to the middle cranial fossa, lateral wall of the skull, the floor and sides of both orbits
172
Describe the location of the lacrimal bone
Smallest bones of the face, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit
173
Describe the location of the inferior concha
The inferior nasal concha is one of 3 paired turbinated bones in the nose - extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
174
Describe the location of the vomer bone
Unpaired bone in midsagittal line forming the inferior part of the nasal septum
175
Which bones protect the special sense organs of the head?
Vision - optic nerve is protected by the sphenoid bone
Smell - olfactory nerve is associated with the ethmoid bone
Taste - facial nerve passes through stylomastoid foramen in temporal bone
176
Which cranial nerve is closely associated with the ethmoid bone?
CN I - olfactory nerve. The fibres pass through the cribiform plate of ethmoid to innervate nasal cavity with a sense of smell
177
The sella turcica and chiasmatic groove are features of the body of which bone?
The sphenoid bone
178
What are the 4 parts of the sphenoid bone?
Body, Greater Wing, Lesser Wing and Pterigoid Process
179
What are the key bony characteristics of the sphenoid bone?
Body: sphenoidal sinuses, sella turcica, chiasmatic fossa
Greater wing: foramina rotundum, foramina ovale, foramina spinosum
Lesser Wing: Lateral border of optic canal (medial border is formed by body of sphenoid), Superior Orbital Fissure
Pterygoid Process: Medial and lateral pterygoid plates
180
Which bony features of the sphenoid bone are associated with the optic nerve (CN II)
The chiasmatic groove on the body and the optic canal, formed by the lesser wing and the body
181
Which bony feature of the sphenoid bone is associated with the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica
182
Which feature of the sphenoid bone is associated with the maxillary nerve?
Foramen rotundum in greater wing
183
Which feature of the sphenoid bone is associated with the mandibular nerve?
Foramen ovale in the greater wing
184
Which feature of the sphenoid bone is associated with the middle meningeal vessels?
Foramen spinosum
185
Which bony features can be palpated on the anterior surface of the skull?
Maxilla, Zygoma, Orbital Margin, Mental Process of Mandible
186
Which bony features can be palpated on the lateral surface of the skull?
Angle of mandible, zygomatic arch, mastoid process
187
Which bony feature can be palpated on the posterior surface of the skull?
Occipital protuberance
188
Which features of the temporomandibular joint allow it to rotate, move forwards and downwards?
It has a superior and inferior compartment separated by an articular disc - the superior compartment allows translational movement and the inferior compartment allows rotational movement. Several ligaments help to control the movements
189
Where is the temporalis muscle palpable?
On the side of the head above the zygomatic arch when the jaw is clenched and relaxed
190
Where is the masseter muscle palpable?
Above and anterior to the angle of the mandible when jaw is clenched and relaxed
191
Is the pterygoid muscle palpable?
Due to its anatomy, it is difficult to palpate
192
Which muscles are involved in mastication?
Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
193
Which facial expression involves the frontalis muscle?
Raising eyebrows
194
Which facial expression involves the orbicularis oculi muscle?
tightly closing the eyes
195
Which facial expression involves the zygomaticus major muscle?
smiling
196
Which facial expression involves the orbiucularis oris?
pursing the lips
197
Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular Nerve CN V3
198
Which important neurovascular structures lie within the parotid gland?
Facial nerve - branches into 5 inside the parotid gland
External Carotid Artery - gives rise to posterior auricular artery then divides into maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
Retromandibular Vein - formed by the confluence of superficial temporal and maxillary veins
199
Which vessel can be palpated as it passes between the tragus of the ear and the neck of the mandible?
superficial temporal artery
200
Which vessel can be palpated as it crosses the lower border of the body of the mandible (halfway between the angle and mental tubercle)?
facial artery
201
Which vessel is the superficial temporal artery a terminal branch of?
External carotid artery
202
What are the two terminal branches of external carotid artery in the face?
Superficial Temporal Artery and Maxillary Artery
203
Which vessel is the facial artery an anterior branch of?
External carotid artery
204
Which anterior branch of the external carotid (other than facial) supplies blood to deeper structures of the face?
The lingual artery often shares a trunk with facial artery and supplies the oral floor and tongue
205
Which vessel can be palpated as it passes over the superior margin of the orbit?
Supraorbital artery
206
Which vessel is the supraorbital artery a branch of?
Supraorbital is a branch of the ophthalmic artery (which arises from internal carotid artery)
207
Which nerve is the supraorbital artery closely associated with?
It lies medial to the optic nerve
208
Which 2 nerves contribute most innervation to the face? Which is more motor and which is more sensory?
The facial nerve (motor + special sensory) and the trigeminal nerve (sensory)
209
Which division of the trigeminal nerve carries BOTH sensory and motor fibres?
CN V3
210
Which regions of the head are lymph nodes present in?
Occipital, posterior auricular, parotid, submandibular and submental regions
211
Which lymph nodes would enlarge if the tongue was infected?
Primarily the submandibular but also the submental
212
What is the common term used for the thyroid cartilage?
Adam's Apple
213
What is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Mastoid Process
214
What are the distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Clavicle and sternum
215
Which important structures lie beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
A neurovascular bundle containing the common carotid artery (medial) internal jugular vein (lateral) vagus nerve (dorsal) and the ansa cervicalis (a branch of the brachial plexus)
216
Which anatomical areas of the neck does SCM border?
Anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
217
Which vertebrae allow the head to nod and shake? (Yes and No)
Atlas allows nodding and axis allows head shaking
218
Which connective tissue structure attaches to the cervical spinous processes?
Nuchal ligament attaches to spinous processes of C1-C7 and is a site of attachment for the rhomboids and trapezius muscles
219
Where is the common carotid artery palpated?
Lateral to the thyroid cartilage and medial to the SCM
220
Which region of the neck is incised during emergency cricothyrotomy?
Cricothyroid ligament (cricothyroid membrane)
221
Where is the surface marking of the external jugular vein?
Between the angle of the mandible and the middle of the clavicle
222
Where is the surface marking of the internal jugular vein?
Between the lobe of the ear and the medial end of the clavicle
223
Which vessels are the superficial and deep lymph nodes of the neck associated with?
The external jugular and internal jugular veins respectively
224
Which nerves run through the posterior triangle of the neck?
Cranial Accessory Nerve, cervical plexus (including phrenic nerve), trunks of the brachial plexus
