Anatomy of the lower limb

Question 1

Superficial muscles of gluteal region

Answer 1

gluteus maximus
gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
tensor fascia latae

Question 2

what are the movements of the gluteal superficial muscles

Answer 2

extensors
abductors
medial rotators

Question 3

muscles innervated by which gluteal nerves

Answer 3

gluteus maximus: inferior gluteal nerve

gluteus minimus, medius and tensor fascia lata: superior gluteal nerve

Question 4

Trendelenburg’s Gait

Answer 4

damage to the superior gluteal nerve. when standing on one leg the medius and minimus should support the leg and pelvis and balance. . when nerve is damaged, pelvis is not supported so drops making the leg too long and foot doesn’t clear the ground. to compensate person leans away from affected side to lift the pelvis allowing foot to clear ground.

Question 5

deep muscle group of gluteal region

Answer 5

piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli (twin muscle) and quadratus femoris

Question 6

movement of the deep muscle group gluteal region

Answer 6

lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

Question 7

nerves supplying deep muscle group gluteal region

Answer 7

sacral plexus

Question 8

where do nerves enter/exit in the gluteal region

Answer 8

greater and lesser sciatic foramen. when ligaments are not there then called greater and lesser sciatic notch

Question 9

ligaments forming greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 9

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous

Question 10

what is the greater foramen

Answer 10

passageway leading to pelvis

Question 11

what is the lesser foramen

Answer 11

passageway leading to perineum

Question 12

sciatic nerve

Answer 12

lies deep to the most prominent part of the gluteal region–> L4-S3
largest nerve

Question 13

pudendal nerve

Answer 13

the nerve of the perineum–> S2,3,4 keeps pelvis off the floor

Question 14

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (S1-3)

Answer 14

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

Question 15

dividing the gluteal region into quadrants

Answer 15

horizontal line between the head of both the greater trochanter (femur) and vertical line in the medial aspect of both iliac crests

Question 16

which quadrant should be used for injections

Answer 16

outer quadrant avoiding neurovascular specimens

Question 17

sciatic nerve extends where?

Answer 17

exits inferior to the piriformis.

Question 18

branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 18

tibial nerve, common fibular in distal thigh

tibial division larger and more medial, common fibular is smaller and much more lateral

Question 19

what does the sciatic nerve supply

Answer 19

posterior thigh, leg and foot muscles via its branches

Question 20

femoral triangle

Answer 20

ASIS to pubic tubercle
superior border- inguinal ligament
medial border: adductus longus 
lateral border; sartorius muscle
floor: iliopsoas and pectineus
roof: deep fascia (fascia lata)

Question 21

contents of the femoral triangle and direction

Answer 21

moves from laterally to medially starting with nerve, artery, vein and lymphatics (NAVY)

Question 22

deep fascia of the lower limbs

Answer 22

fascia lata (thigh)
iliotibial tract- thickened band of fascia lata: inserts tibia superiorly and ilium inferiorly
crural fascia–> lower leg

Question 23

Compartment syndrome

Answer 23

surrounding deep fascia creates very enclosed space, if swelling pressure increases and can be relieved by a fasciotomy

Question 24

thigh muscle compartments

Answer 24

anterior, posterior and medial compartments

Question 25

leg muscle compartments

Answer 25

anterior, posterior and lateral compartments

Question 26

anterior compartment muscles of the thigh

Answer 26

``` flexors of the thigh - pectineus, sartorius, iliopsoas extensors of the leg - quadriceps femoris Nerve supply: all femoral nerve (L2-4) ```