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Neuroscience Year 2 > Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Nervous system outside brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

Carry sensory signals towards the CNS

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5
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

Carry motor signals from CNS

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6
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Motor nerves which project from CNS in the lumbar and thoracic spine

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7
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Motor nerves which project from the brain and sacral spine

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8
Q

All sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are …..

A

Two-stage neural paths

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9
Q

Sympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons…

A

At a substantial distance from their target organs

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10
Q

Parasympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons…

A

Near their target organ

these are very short

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11
Q

What is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

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12
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

Meninges in order outer to inner

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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14
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Supports and cushions brain

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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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16
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Buildup of fluid in ventricles leading to the expansion of the walls of the ventricles and the brain

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17
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

Prevents the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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18
Q

What molecule is actively transported though the cerebral blood vessel walls?

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Neurons

A

Reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

Classes of neurons

A 
Multipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron 
Bipolar neuron 
Interneuron 
Nuclei in the CNS 
Ganglia 
Tracts 
Nerves
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21
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

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22
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS

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23
Q

What is a nuclei in the CNS?

A

Cluster of cell bodies

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24
Q

What is a nerve?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

25
Glial cells
``` Outnumber neurons 10 - 1 Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Microglia Astrocytes ```
26
What is an oligodendrocyte?
Causes myelination in the CNS
27
What is a Schwann cell?
Causes myelination in the PNS
28
What is a microglia?
Respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses
29
What is an astrocyte?
Largest glial cell Send and receive signals from neurons to other glial cells Control the establishment and maintenance of synapses Modulate neural activity Participate in glial circuits
30
Golgi staining
Potassium dichromate and silver nitrate Silver dichromate made, stains some of the neurons completely black Gives excellent view of neurons that take up the stain
31
Nissl staining
Cresyl violet Penetrates all cells on slide Binds effectively to structures in neuronal cell bodies Can estimate the number of cell bodies an area
32
Electron microscopy
Provides information about the details of neuronal structure Thin slices of neuronal tissue are coated with an electron-absorbing substance that is taken up to different degrees by different parts of the neuron A beam of electrons is passed through the tissue onto a photographic film
33
Neuroanatomical tracing techniques - anterograde
Used when investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies Injects a chemical into an area taken up by cell bodies Transported forward along the axons to terminal buttons Brain removed and sliced after a few days and treated to reveal the location of the chemical
34
Neuroanatomical tracing techniques - retrograde
Used to trace paths of axons projecting into a particular area Injects a chemical into and area that is taken up by the terminal buttons and transported back along the axons Brain removed and sliced after a few days and treated to reveal the location of the chemical
35
Spinal cord areas
H shaped core of grey matter | Surrounded by white matter
36
What is grey matter composed of?
Cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
37
What is white matter composed of?
Mainly myelinated axons
38
All dorsal root axons are
Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons
39
The neurons of the ventral root are
Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons
40
Telencephalon
Left and right cerebral hemispheres Initiates voluntary movement Interprets sensory movement Mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving
41
What is a gyri?
Ridges that stick out on the brain
42
What is a sulci?
Small furrows in the brain cerebral cortex
43
Diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
44
Thalamus
Lateral geniculate nuclei Medial geniculate nuclei Ventral posterior nuclei
45
Lateral geniculate nuclei
Relay station in the visual system
46
Medial geniculate nuclei
Relay station in the auditory system
47
Ventral posterior nuclei
Relay station in the somatosensory system
48
Hypothalamus
Plays important role in regulation of several motivated behaviours Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary
49
Mesencephalon
Tectum and tegmentum
50
Metencephalon
Pons and the cerebellum | Important for sensorimotor function and precise movement
51
Myelencephalon
Medulla | Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body
52
Cerebral cortex
``` Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital LOBES ```
53
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - motor functions Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex - complex cognitive functions
54
Parietal lobe
Postcentral gyrus - analyses sensations from the body | Remaining areas in posterior parts - perceive location of both objects and our own bodies
55
Temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus - hearing and language Inferior temporal cortex - complex visual patterns Medial portion - certain kinds of memory
56
Occipital lobe
Processing of visual information
57
Limbic system is involved in
``` Four Fs Fleeing Fighting Feeding Sexual behaviour ```
58
Structures of the limbic system
``` Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate cortex Fornix Septum ```
59
Basal ganglia structures
Amygdala Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus

Neuroscience Year 2 (5 decks)

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