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Endocrinology > Anatomy of the Pituitary gland (and strap muscles and adrenal gland) > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Pituitary gland (and strap muscles and adrenal gland) Flashcards

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1
Q

name the endocrine glands in the cranial cavity

A

hypothalamus and pituritary (hypophysis)

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2
Q

name the endocrine glands in the neck

A

4 parathyroid glands and thyroid glands

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3
Q

name the endocrine glands in the abdomen

A

2 adrenal (suprarena)l glands and the pancreas

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4
Q

name the endocrine glands in the pelvis

A

female- ovaries

male- testes

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5
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

= thalamus + hypothalamus

forms the central core of the cerebellum with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

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6
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

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7
Q

what are the parts of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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8
Q

what part of pituitary connects to the infundibulum

A

the posterior

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9
Q

what is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

anterior is glandular
posterior is neural
(result of embryological development)

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10
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

what is the anterior pituitary made up of

A

pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia

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12
Q

what is the role of the anterior pituitary

A

synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL)

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13
Q

where would you get an adenoma in your pituitary gland

A

in the anterior lobe as glandular

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14
Q

what is the nuerohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

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15
Q

what makes up the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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16
Q

what is the posterior pituitary an extension of

A

the brain

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17
Q

what is the role of the posterior pituitary

A

releases ADH and OT (oxytocin)

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18
Q

where is the pituitary gland located in the skull

A

midline structure- in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

pituitary fossa lies within the sella tucica (turkish saddle)

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19
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie in relation to nerves

A

immediately inferior to the optic chiasm (where optic nerves come together)

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20
Q

what passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm

A

the left and right optic tracts

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21
Q

what happens to the axons of the optic nerve in the optic tracts

A

synapse with hypothalamus and then pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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22
Q

what are the parts of the retina

A

nasal retina- peripheral vision

temporal retina- inner vision

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23
Q

what does the retina contain

A

photoreceptors: rods and cones

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24
Q

where is the optic canal and what goes through it

A

in sphenoid bone

optic nerve

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25
where do the signals from the different sides of the retina separate into the correct optic tract
optic chiasm
26
what is the early clinical effect of a pituitary tumour on the visual pathway
initial midline compression of the optic chiasm disrupts the transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally loses ability to see temporal visual field =bitemporal hemianopia (loss of peripheral vision)
27
what are the approaches to the pituitary fossa
transcranial- subfrontal (under the frontal lobe) transsphenoidal approach (via nasal cavities and sphenoidsinus- requires surgical fracture of nasal septum and the floor and roof of the sphenoid sinuses)
28
what is the roof of the nasal cavity
the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
29
what are the parts of the nasal septum
vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior part)
30
what are the paranasal sinuses
air filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities
31
what are the four types of paranasal sinuses
frontal bone- frontal sinuses maxillae- maxillary sinuses ethmoid bone- ethmoidal aircells sphenoid bone- sphenoid sinuses
32
what lines paranasal sinuses
mucous secreting respiratory mucosa
33
what is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses
make mucous, drain it into the nasal cavities through ostia (singular= ostium- bony drainage hole) reduce the weight of the skull add resonance to the voice
34
where are the right and left eithmoid air cells found (3 groups)
between the nasal cavity and the orbit
35
where are the sphenoid sinuses
within the body of the sphenoid bone- sometimes connect midline
36
where are the maxillary sinuses
one in each maxilla
37
what type of le fort fractures provides good surgical access to the pituitary gland
le fort 1
38
what is the entire cranial cavity lined with
sura matter
39
what is the tenrorium cerebelli
sheet of dura matter which tents over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa with a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through
40
what is the diaphragm sellae
a tough sheet of dura matter forming a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa
41
what are the dural venous sinuses
venous channels within the dura matter that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (and brain) into the the jugular veins
42
what does the anterior intercavernous sinus do
connects the right and left cavernous sinuses anterior to the pituitary gland
43
where do the dural venous sinuses drain into
the internal jugular veins at the jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa
44
what sinuses surround the pituitary gland
cavernous and intercavernous sinuses
45
what passes through the cavernous sinuses
internal carotid arteries
46
what is the ophthalmic artery and how does it enter the orbit
branch of the internal carotid artery | enters the orbit via the optic canal
47
what makes the lateral wall of the cavernous sinuses
dura matter
48
where is the diaphragm sellae in relation to the pituitary gland
pituitary gland is inferior to the diaphragm sellae
49
why do you not attempt surgery in the lateral side of the head
due to tortuous path of internal carotid in the cavernous sinus
50
what is the function of the optic chiasm
conducrs AP's bilaterally from the nasal retinae
51
what is the function of the oculomotor nerve
motor to muscles that move the eyeball (globe) | parasympathetic to the sphincter muscle of the iris
52
what is the functional deficit of the oculomotor nerve | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
problems with eye movements | a dilated pupil
53
what does the trochlear nerve do
motor to one muscle that moves the globe
54
what is the function deficit of the trochlear nerve | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
problems looking inferiorly and laterally
55
what is the function of the trigeminal nerve
sensory to most of the face | motor to the muscle of mastication
56
what is the function deficit of the trigeminal nerve | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
sensory symptoms on the face | difficulty chewing
57
what is the function of the abducent nerve
motor to one muscle that moves the globe
58
what is the function deficit of the abducent nerve | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
problems abducting the eye
59
what is the function of the cavernous sinus
drain venous blood
60
what is the function deficit of the cavernous sinus | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
venous haemorrhage
61
what is the function of the internal carotid artery
supplies arterial blood to brain and orbit (inc globe)
62
what is the function deficit of the carotid artery | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
catastrophic haemorrhage
63
what is the function of the dura matter
protects the structures of the cranial cavity
64
what is the functional deficit of the dura matter | at risk in pituitary gland surgery
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak
65
what are the three branches of the trigeminal cranial nerve
opthalmic, maxillary, madibular
66
which lobe of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa
pituitary gland
67
which cranial nerves lies close to the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus
abducent nerve
68
what foramen do the branches of the trigeminal nerve go through
opthalmic- superior optic sinus maxillary- foramen rotundum mandibular- foramen ovale
69
how do you remeber the names of the strap muscles
look at where they attach to and from (sternohyoid, thyrohyoid- except omohyoid)
70
what innervates the strap muscles
all innervates by ansa cervicalis (anterior rami of C1-3) except thryohyoid which is hypoglossal
71
what is the function of somatostatin and where else is it released in the body
In the hypothalamus, it regulates the secretion of hormones coming from the pituitary gland In the pancreas, somatostatin inhibits the secretion of pancreatic hormones, including glucagon and insulin
72
describe the blood supply to the pancreas
gastroduodenal- superior pancreatic- anastomosis- inferior pancreatic- superior mesenteric splenic artery- dorsal pancreatic
73
where are your adrenal glands
retroperitonium, superior to kidneys
74
what separates your kidneys and adrenal glands
fascial septum
75
what are the parts of the adrenal glands and their functions
adrenal cortex- glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens adrenal medulla- adrenaline, noradrenaline
76
what is the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenaline- acts on beta and alpha: increased blood sugar levels increased heart rate increased contractility relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways ``` noradrenaline: only acts on alpha (found in arteries): increased blood sugar levels increased heart rate increased contractility vasoconstriction (increased blood pressure) ```
77
describe the blood supply to the adrenal gland
inferior (branch of renal), middle and superior (branches of aorta) suprarenal arteries
78
what is the venous drainage of the blood supply
suprarenal vein, renal vein, IVC
79
what do the different parts of the pituitary glands secrete
anterior- ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, prolactin, TSH intermediate- MSH posterior- ADH, oxytoxcin
80
what do hypothalmic hormones produce
``` releasing hormones (stimulate pituitary) release inhibitory hormones ```
81
what transports hypothalmic hormones to the end capillary bed in the anterior pituitary gland
hypophyseal portal system
82
what are the embryological origins of the parts of the pituitary gland
anterior- upgrowth of oral ectoderm (rathke's pouch) posterior - downgroth of diencephalon
83
where is the carvernous sinus
bilaterally to the sella turcica and extends from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the petrous part of the temporal bone posteriorly
84
what artery can cause haemorrhage in the middle fossa of the brain
internal carotid
85
what nerves are in the carvernous sinus
3,4 and 6th cranial nerve

Endocrinology (46 decks)

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