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CARDIO - RESP BLOCK > Anatomy Of the thorax and circulation > Flashcards

Anatomy Of the thorax and circulation Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What anatomical structures lie behind the sternal angle?

A

RAT PLANT

Rib 2
Aortic arch
Tracheal bifurcation
Pulmonary trunk 
Ligamentum arteriosum 
Azygos vein
Nerves (vagus and sympathetic trunk) 
Thoracic duct
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2
Q

Where is the Suprasternal (suprajugular) notch?

A

Superior border of manubrium

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3
Q

Where is the Sternal angle/ Angle of Louis?

A

Manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium & body of the sternum)

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4
Q

Anterior axillary line

A

Runs through the lateral quarter point of the clavicle

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5
Q

Sternal line (border)

A

Lateral margin of sternum

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6
Q

Parasternal line

A

Between sternal and mid-clavicular lines

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7
Q

Mid-clavicular line

A

Runs through the mid-point of the clavicle

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8
Q

Midline

A

Runs centrally down the sternum

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9
Q

Posterior axillary line

A

Posterior axillary fold

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10
Q

Mid-axillary line

A

Runs at the mid-point between the anterior & posterior axillary lines

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11
Q

Structures of mediastinum

A

Superior- above the heart
Inferior - anterior in front of the pericardium
Inferior - middle containing pericardium
Inferior - posterior behind pericardium

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12
Q

Superior mediastinum

A 
Thymus 
Great vessels
Trachea 
Esophagus 
Thoracic duct
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13
Q

Structures in middle inferior mediastinum

A

Heart
Pericardium
Roots of great vessels

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14
Q

Structures in posterior inferior mediastinum

A

Thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous venous system

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15
Q

Thin walled and contain valves

A

Veins

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16
Q

Thick walled
No valves
Contain baroreceptors & chemoreceptors

A

Arteries

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17
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica esterna/Adventia

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18
Q

Tunica intima

A

INNERMOST layer

Lined by endothelium comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells

Basement membrane and subendothelial connective tissue support overlying cells

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19
Q

Tunica media

A

INTERMEDIATE , smooth muscular layer

Contain alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, allowing for sympathetic regulation of blood pressure

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20
Q

Tunica externa/adventitia

A

OUTERMOST layer

Anchors vessels to organs Comprised of type 1 collagen, and elastic connective tissue (in arteries)

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21
Q

Types of arteries

A

Elastic artery

Muscular artery

Arterioles

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22
Q

Elastic artery

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk

Thick tunica media with abundance of elastic fibres

Contain 2 additional layers : internal and external elastic laminae

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23
Q

Muscular artery

A

Gastro-epiploic artery

More smooth muscle & fewer elastic fibres within intima layer

Most abundant arterial vessel

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24
Q

Arterioles

A

Vasa recta or large intestines

Smallest division of arterial network

Thin tunica interna

Far fewer muscle fibres

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25
What are Capillaries?
* Smallest vascular structures in the body * Deliver blood to tissues • No tunica media or externa: single layer endothelium plus basement membrane • Grouped based on the arrangement of the endothelium along the vessel walls
26
Vessel walls types of capillaries
* Fenestrated * Continuous * Discontinuous
27
Fenestrated capillaries
Capillary beds are perforated along the endothelial cells
28
Function of Fenestrated capillaries
Facilitates rapid molecular exchange between capillaries and tissues Example: Bowman’s capsule
29
Discontinuous (sinusoid also) capillaries
Tortuous, irregular vessels. Incompletely formed/ absent basement membranes underlie widely spaced endothelial cells.
30
Function of Discontinuous (sinusoidal)
Absence of gap junctions allows for direct transportation from the capillary’s lumen to surrounding tissue Examples: bone marrow, liver, spleen
31
Continuous capillaries
Most common type. Endothelial cells are within close proximity and fitted with gap junctions
32
Function of capillaries
Isolate luminal content from interstitial space Examples: Skin, connective and nervous tissue, muscle
33
Flow of blood in veins
Capillary >> post-capillary veins >> venules >> veins (small> medium>large)
34
When compared to similarly sized arteries, veins have?
A thinner tunica media A wider lumen A greater abundance (more of them) Valves (except for the venae cava)
35
Location of Baroreceptors
Carotid sinus
36
Location of Chemoreceptors
Carotid body
37
Carotid sinus
Proximal internal carotid artery (near bifurcation of common carotid artery)
38
Carotid body
At bifurcation | of common carotid artery
39
Blood supply to head & upper limbs
Arch of aorta
40
Blood supply to thorax
Thoracic aorta
41
Blood supply to abdomen & GI
Abdominal aorta
42
Blood supply to lower limbs and pelvic region
Common iliac arteries
43
Ascending aorta
From aortic orifice (at base of LV) at the level of 3rd left costal cartilage anteriorly, to 2nd right costal cartilage anteriorly (sternal angle)
44
Aortic arch
Begins and ends at the level of the 2nd right costal cartilage anteriorly/ T4-T5 vertebral level posteriorly (i.e level of sternal angle). Occupies the superior mediastinum
45
Major branch order of the aortic arch
ABC’S Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk Left Common carotid artery Left Subclavian artery
46
Thoracic aorta runs from?
Arch of aorta ( level TTP) to diaphragm ( vertebral level T12)
47
Where is the Aortic hiatus ?
T12
48
Unpaired branches of the thoracic aorta
Bronchial arteries Pericardial arteries Esophageal arteries Mediastinal arteries
49
Paired branches of the thoracic aorta
Intercostal arteries Superior phrenic arteries
50
Which branches of thoracic aorta supply diaphragm?
Superior phrenic arteries
51
The venous system has two main collecting vessels
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava
52
Superior vena cava
collects from head and upper limbs
53
Inferior vena cava
collects from abdomen and lower limbs
54
The RIGHT superior intercostal vein is received by
Azygous vein
55
The LEFT superior intercostal drains into the
Left brachiocephalic OR the azygos vein.
56
Right azygous vein arises at which level?
L1-2
57
Right azygous vein empties at which level?
T4 into the SVC
58
What are tributaries of azygous vein ?
Right superior intercostal vein, 5th-11th right posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the accessory hemiazygos vein, oesophageal, mediastinal, pericardial and right bronchial veins.
59
Hemiazygos vein (left) arises where?
Arises at confluence of L ascending lumbar and subcostal veins or from the L renal vein
60
Hemiazygos vein crossed the midline to enter the azygous run at what level ?
T9
61
What are the tributaries of the hemiazygos vein?
The lowest 4 or 5 left posterior intercostal veins, oesophageal and mediastinal veins.
62
At what level does the accessory hemiazygos vein (left) descend at the posterior mediastinum?
T8, where is crosses the midline to drain into the azygos vein or ends in the hemiazygos vein
63
What are the tributaries of the accessory hemiazygos vein?
4th-8th left posterior intercostal veins, sometimes the left bronchial veins.
64
The IVC passes through the diaphragm at?
T8
65
What is the lymphatic system?
A series of organs, vessels and nodes that collect and filter excess tissue fluid (lymph), before returning it to the venous circulation.
66
Function of lymphatic system
• To drain excess interstitial fluid from tissues into the venous system • To produce and transport immune cells (lymphocytes) • To mount an immune response against pathogens • To transport dietary lipids from the GI tract into the blood
67
Lymphatic flow summary
1. Fluid leaves the blood capillaries (due to hydrostatic pressure) and enters the interstitial space 2. Fluid enters the lymphatic system through lymphatic capillaries within the interstitial space, which unite to form lymphatic vessels 3. Lymph flow is slow, one- directional and passes through a series of lymph nodes before draining into lymphatic trunks (collecting vessels) 4. These trunks converge to form the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, which drain into the venous circulation at the subclavian veins (via the right and left venous angles, respectively)
68
What structure collects lymph from left upper quadrant & lower half of body?
Thoracic duct - 40 cm long
69
What structure collects lymph from right upper quadrant of the body → head & neck, upper limb, chest & thoracic cavity?
Right lymphatic duct- short= 1 cm

CARDIO - RESP BLOCK (13 decks)

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