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A&P2 > Anatomy of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Maintain the chemical consistency of blood
  2. Filter fluid from blood
  3. Send toxins, metabolic wastes, and water out of the body
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2
Q

What are the main waste products of the body?

A

Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatinine

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3
Q

True or False: Long term blood pressure regulation is done by the kidneys

A

True

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneally. Behind the gut

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5
Q

True or False: The superficial most area of the kidneys is called the Renal Cortex.

A

True. It is Superficial most region and has a granular appearance.

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6
Q

The renal medulla consists of….

A

renal pyramids

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7
Q

The renal pelvis consists of….

A

major and minor calyces

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8
Q

True or False: Nephrons start in the renal pyramids and go into the renal cortex.

A

False, nephrons start in the renal cortex and go into the renal pyramids.

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9
Q

What is the path of blood flow in the kidneys?

A

Aorta—Renal Artery—Segmented Artery—Interlobar Artery—Arcuate Artery—Cortical Radiate Artery—Afferent Glomerular Artery—Glomerulus (capillaries)—Efferent Glomerular Artery—Peritubular Capillaries OR Vasa Recta—Cortical Radiate Vein—Arcuate Vein—Interlobar Vein–Renal Vein—Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron. There are over 1 million in each kidney.

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11
Q

Which portion of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
A. Corpuscle
B. Renal Tubule

A

A. Corpuscle

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12
Q

Which portion of the nephron is responsible for Reabsorption and Secretion?
A. Corpuscle
B. Renal Tubule

A

B. Renal Tubule

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13
Q

The filtration membrane consists of three layers, what are they?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary
  2. basement membrane
  3. filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes
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14
Q

What does the filtration membrane do?

A

holds back proteins and allows the passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea

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15
Q

The renal corpuscle is the first part of the nephron, what makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries and Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, which is made up of a parietal layer and a visceral layer that contains podocytes.

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16
Q

From the renal corpuscle, filtrate goes to the tubules. What is the anatomy of the tubules?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule; nephron loop (Loop of Henley), which contains descending limb, descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, and thick ascending limb; distal convoluted tubule; collecting duct

17
Q

True or False: The deeper you get into the Medulla the osomatic gradient increases.

A

True

18
Q

Which portion of the nephron does most of the reabsorption and secretion?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

19
Q

Which portion of the nephron is more about urine concentration?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule and Nephron Loop

20
Q

What are the two classes of Nephrons and which vasculature is associated with each?

A

Cortical nephrons are most common and are associated with peritubular capillaries. Juxtamedullary nephrons are associated with vasa recta.

21
Q

Where is the filtrate that becomes urine produced?

A

Glomeruli

22
Q

True or False: The afferent glomerular arteriole determines filtration rate.

A

False. The efferent glomerular arteriole determines filtration rate by contracting or dilating when needed.

23
Q

Which part of the nephron regulates blood pressure?

A

Juxtaglomerular Complex. It is an area of specialized contact between the ascending limb and afferent arteriole.

24
Q

Granular cells are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete a hormone. What is the name and function of the hormone?

A

Renin is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, which brings blood pressure back up to normal levels.

25
Q

The Juxtaglomerular Complex consists of three types of cells. What are they and what do they do?

A
  1. Macula densa, which is located at the end of the nephron loop and they monitor solute concentration in the filtrate, signals renin secretion.
  2. Mesangial cells, which are located at the base of the glomerulus and they regulate blood flow with in the glomerulus.
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells, interact with macula densa and granular cells and help regulate blood pressure.
26
Q

True or False: Minor changes in blood pressure doesn’t have an affect on filtration.

A

False. Minor changes have a significant affect on filtration. The Juxtaglomerular Complex maintains these changes.

27
Q

Which part pf the nephron is located in the renal cortex? Medulla?

A

The corpuscle is located in the renal cortex. The renal tubule is located in the medulla.

28
Q

Which mechanisms in the formation of urine involves the glomerular capillaries? Peritubular capillaries?

A

Glomerular capillaries- Filtration

Peritubular capillaries- Reabsorption and Secretion

29
Q

The Juxtaglomerular Complex regulates blood pressure. How is the renal tubule modified in this region?

A

It contains secretory cells that secrete renin when a drop in pressure is sensed.

30
Q

Where are the ureters located and what are their function?

A

The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. An oblique entry prevents back flow.

31
Q

What is the histology of the ureters?

A

Mucosa- transitional epithelium which allows stretch. Muscularis- consists of two layers, inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
Adventitia- typical connective tissue

32
Q

Describe the structure and function of the urinary bladder.

A

It is a collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine. When it’s full, it’s spherical and expands into the abdominal cavity. When it’s empty, the bladder lies entirely within the pelvis.

33
Q

The urinary bladder consists of three layers. What are they?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Thick muscular layer-detrusor
  3. Fibrous adventitia
34
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

to move wastes from the urinary bladder to the outside world.

35
Q

There are three regions of the urethra in the male urinary system. What are they?

A
  1. Prostatic Urethra
  2. Intermediate part of the Urethra
  3. Spongy Urethra
36
Q

There are two regions of the urethra in the female urinary system. What are they?

A
  1. Internal Urethral Sphincter

2. External Urethral Sphincter

37
Q

What is micturition? Explain it’s neural control.

A

Micturition is ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is regulated by spinal control senses the stretch receptors. The spinal cord then sends signals via Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, and Somatic neurons. This can be overridden by voluntary control in trained individuals.

A&P2 (10 decks)

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