Anatomy of Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
what is formed between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouches
A
thyroid gland
2
Q
what starts as an endodermal thickening of cells in the midline of the floor of the pharynx
A
thyroid gland
3
Q
what is the adult structure of the close thyroglossal duct
A
foramen ceacum
4
Q
what are the three layers of cervical viscera in the neck
A
- endocrine layer
- respiratory layer
- alimentary layer
5
Q
what two things are in the endocrine layer of the neck
A
thyroid and parathyroid
6
Q
what two things are in the respiratory layer of the neck
A
larynx and trachea
7
Q
what two things are in the alimentary layer of the neck
A
pharynx and esophagus
8
Q
what produces hormones that are relased in the blood and do not have ducts, endocrine or exocrine?
A
endocrine
9
Q
what are the two hormone secreting glands in the endocrine layer
A
parathyroid and thyroid
10
Q
what is the largest endocrine gland in the body
A
thyroid gland
11
Q
what does the thyroid gland produce
A
T3 and T4
12
Q
what controls the rate of metabolism
A
T3 and T4
13
Q
what does calcitonin do
A
controls calcium metabolism
14
Q
calcitonin can do what t calcium levels in the blood
A
reduce them
15
Q
what hormone do the parathyroid glands produce
A
parathormone
16
Q
what does parathormone do
A
controls the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in blood
17
Q
what does parathormone do that is opposite from what the thyroid gland does
A
it increase calcium levels
18
Q
what 3 things do the parathyroid glands target
A
skeleton
kidney
intestine
19
Q
where is the thyroid gland located
A
deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles and in the anterior part of the neck at the level of C5-T1
20
Q
what is the bridge between the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland called
A
isthmus
21
Q
what is the most common location of the isthmus
A
2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
22
Q
if you accidentally cut the isthmus what will happen
A
patient will die of profuse bleeding
23
Q
thyroid gland is surrounded by what
A
thyroid gland capsule ( fibrous)
24
Q
what sends septa deep into the thyroid gland
A
the thin fiborus capsule around it
25
what connected the thyroid capsule to the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings
dense CT
26
what is external to the thyroid capsule
a loose sheath that is formed by the visceral portion of pretracheal layer
27
pre tracheal layer is deep to..
deep cervial layer
28
if the superior thyroid artery isn't ligated then what happens
profuse bleeding
29
superior thyroid artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
30
what are the two main arteries that supply the thyroid
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
31
what vessels lie between the fibrous capsule and loose fascial sheath
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
32
what is the 1st branch of the external carotid artery
superior thyroid artery
33
what divides into anterior and posterior branches that supplies mainly the anteriosuperior aspect of the thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery
34
what nerve joins superior thyroid artery
external laryngeal nerve
35
what nerve has to be damaged for you to not be able to speak loudly?
external laryngeal nerve
36
what nerve is easily damaged in surgery and can result in a permanent whisper
external laryngeal nerve
37
what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate
cricothyroid muscle
38
what does the cricothyroid muscle connect
cricoid and thyroid
39
what is the largest branch if the thyrocervical trunk?
inferior thyroid arteries
40
what does the thyrocervical trunk arises form what
subclavian arteries
41
what aspect of the thyroid does the inferior thyroid artery go to
the posterior aspect
42
what divides into several branches and pierces the pre-tracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia to supply the inferior part of the thyroid gland
inferior thyroid arteries
43
what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk q
- transverse cervical a.
- supra clavicular a.
- inferior thyroid a.
44
inferior thyroid artery also supplies what
parathyroid glands
45
what is the accessory artery that can supply the isthmus
thyroid ima artery
46
how many people gave a small unpaired thyroid ima artery
10%
47
where does the thyroid ima artery arise from
brachiocephalic trunk
48
the thyroid ima artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk but where else can it arise from
the arch of the aorta
49
where can thyroid ima arise from
- right common carotid
- subclavian
- internal thoracic
- arch of aorta
- brachiocephalic trunk
50
the presence of what must be thought about when performing procedures in the midline of the neck inferior to the isthmus
thyroid ima a.
51
superior thyroid veins accompany what
superior thyroid a.
52
what runs parallel and course with the inferior thyroid artery
middle thyroid veins
53
what drains middle lobes of thyroid? supeiror ones?
- middle thryoid veins
| - superior thyroid veins
54
superior and middle thyroid veins drain to where
internal jugular vein
55
inferior thyroid vein drains to what
brachiocephalic vein
56
blood pressure in the inferior thyroid vein is close to negative and or 0 what does this mean if it is severed
that an air bubble can be sucked into it and it can go to the heart and lungs and cause embolism
57
what is the most common endocrine cancer
thyroid cancer
58
what are the two common factors that can cause thyroid cancer
low iodine
radiation
(lymphomas around neck )
59
where do the lymphatic vessels of the thyroid gland run
in interlobular CT
60
pre-laryngeal, pre tracheal, and paratracheal lymph nodes drain to where
superior (prelaryngeal) and inferior 9 pre tracheal and paratracheal)deep cervical nodes
61
why is it that metastis from thyroid can be found in the lungs
becuase some lymph drain to the brachiocephalic lymp nodes and thoracic duct
62
where are the nerves to the thyroid gland derived from
superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia ( autonomic NS)
63
how do the nerves to the thyroid reach the gland
through the cardiac and superior and inferior periarterial plexuses
64
what regulates the endocrine secreation from the thyroid gland
pituitary gland
65
secretomotor fibers are fibers that do what
they stimulate production of hormone
66
what is the easist ganglia to see behind the thyroid gland
middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
67
when the thyroid is descending through the thyroglossal duct cyst how does it pass by the hyoid
anterior to it
68
what is the size of a thyroglossal cyst
1cm-4cm
69
what epithelium will be in the thyroglossal cyst
squamos
70
how many thyroid glands have a pyramidal lobe
50%
71
what may continue from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid
a band connective tissue
72
what does the pyramidal lobe and the CT band develop from
remnants of the epithelium and CT of thyroglossal duct
73
what is a common cause of goiter
iodine insufficiency
74
what can occur during menstruation and pregnancy
goiter
75
goiter can compress what
trachea
esophagus
laryngeal nerves
76
why can the goiter not move superiorly
because of attachments of the sternohyoid muscles and sternithyroid
77
what extension of goiter is common
substernal extension
78
are goiters associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
79
why are most goiters due to iodine deficiency
because the thyroid enlarges to trap more iodine
80
low production of T3 and T4 by thyroid gland will cause what
increased production of pituitary gland
81
what do the eyelids of someone with hyperthyroidism have
lid lag
82
what is thyroidism that develops in infancy or early childhood called
creitinism
83
umbilical hernia and short stature is common in who
children with cretinism
84
this condition happens later in life, when you were in urtero thyroid hormon and iodine levels where fine but when you were 5 you moved to an area with iodine deficeny what is it called now that you have hypothyroidism
myxedema ( gull disease)
85
what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the states
inflammation of thyroid gland
86
in what disease do speech become slowed and the voice becomes deeper
myxedema
87
what peopel are usually cold an obese
people with myxedema
88
what is the benign tumor that usually stays in the thryoir gland called
thyroid adenomas
89
thyroid adenomas are aslo known as what
follicular adenomas
90
what are the 4 different types of thyroid carcinomas
- papillary carcinoma
- follicular carcinoma
- anaplastic carcinoma
- medullary carcinaoma
91
what is the most common thyroid carcinoma
papillary carinoma
92
what is the worst carcinoma
anaplastic carcinoma
93
graves disease is a common cause of what
hyperthyroidism
94
who is more affected by graves
women
95
superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of what
vagus nerve
96
the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve inn what
cricothyroid muscle
97
on the left, where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve is beneath what
it is beneath the aorta
98
on the right what is the recurrent laryngeal nerve beneath
the subclavian artery
99
the right recurrent laryngeal nerve comes from what
vagus nerve
100
when the recurrent laryngeal nerve is on the right it is called what
inferior laryngeal nerve
101
what nerve is is intimately related to the inferior thyroid artery
right recurrent laryngeal nerve
102
what provides sensory innervation to the vocal cords
the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
103
what increases the conversion of vitamin D
PTH
104
PTH increases urinary phosphate excretion and decreases what
serum phosphate levels
105
PTH induces resorption of what
bones
106
when there are contractions of the muscles of the eye, mouth, or nose after tapping along the course of the fascial nerve what sign is this
Chvostek sign
107
what is it when there are carpal spasms produced by occlusion of the circulation to the forearm and hand with a blood pressure cuff placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes
Trousseau Sign
