Anatomy of Upper GI tract to Abdomen Wall

Question 1

How many muscles of mastication?

Answer 1

4 muscles

Question 2

Name the muscles of mastication?

Answer 2

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid

Question 3

Which muscles open the mouth? And what else helps them?

Answer 3

Lateral pterygoid

-Gravity

Question 4

What are the muscles of mastication supplied by?

Answer 4

CN V3

Question 5

Where does mouth movement occur?

Answer 5

TMJ

Question 6

`What is the superior oral cavity supplied by?

Answer 6

CN V2

Question 7

What is the inferior oral cavity supplied by?

Answer 7

CN V3

Question 8

What is orbicularis oris supplied by?

Answer 8

CN VII

Question 9

Explain the nerve supply of the gag reflex?

Answer 9

Motor supply CN XI & CN X

Sensory supply CN IX

Question 10

3 Saliva glands?

Answer 10

Parotid
Sub-mandibular
Sublingual

Question 11

Where does each gland secrete into?

Answer 11

Parotid- mouth by upper 2nd molar
Sub-mand= enters floor fo mouh and secretes via lingual caruncle
Sub-lingual= floor of mouth secretes via several ducts superiorly

Question 12

Parotid supplied by?

Answer 12

CN IX

Question 13

Sub-mandibular supplied by?

Answer 13

CN VII

Question 14

Sub-lingual supplied by?

Answer 14

CN VII

Question 15

Describe posterior 1/3 of tongue?

Answer 15

Vertical section

Innervated by CN IX for taste and general sensation

Question 16

Describe anterior 2/3 of tongue?

Answer 16

Horizontal portion

• CN VII supplies taste
• CN V3 supplies general sensory

Question 17

Different types of papillae?

Answer 17

Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform

Question 18

Which papillae has no taste buds?

Answer 18

Filiform- they just have touch and temperature

Question 19

Describe position the different papillae?

Answer 19

Follate- back edge
Vallate- very back V
Fungiform-Middle of tongue
Filiform- tip of tongue

Question 20

What changes position of tongue?

Answer 20

Extrinsic muscles

Question 21

How many pairs of intrinsic tongue muscles are there?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

4 intrinsic tongue muscles?

Answer 22

Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus

Question 23

What are all tongue muscles innervated by? Which the exception?

Answer 23

CN XII EXCEPT

Palatoglossus- innervated by CN X

Question 24

Role of mouth and oropharynx?

Answer 24

Chop up, lubricate and deliver food to oesophagus

Question 25

What is the pharynx made up of?

Answer 25

Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx

Question 26

Where are the tonsils and what are they?

Answer 26

Pharynx | Lymphoid tissue

Question 27

What are the constrictor (outer layers) muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

Answer 27

CN X Vagus nerve

Question 28

What are the inner-layer pharynx muscles innervated by?

Answer 28

CN X & CNIX | They elevate the larynx and shorten pharynx for swallowing

Question 29

UOS is largely responsible fro prevention of Gastric reflux. True or False?

Answer 29

FALSE | LOS

Question 30

Where does oesophagus pass through diaphragm?

Answer 30

T10 and then enters into the stomach

Question 31

Where Vena Cava, Oesophagus and aortic hiatus pass through diaphragm?

Answer 31

I ate 10 Eggs At 12 (IVC-T8, Esophagus-T10 & Aorta= T12) 0R VENA CAVA has 8 letters. Oesophagus has 10 and AORTIC HIATUS has 12.

Question 32

Layers of the digestive tract wall?

Answer 32

Mucosa ubmucosa Muscularis externa Adventitia (Serosa)

Question 33

What does an oesphageal plexus do?

Answer 33

Runs on the surface to supply smooth muscles in the wall. Parasympathetic speeds up and vice versa with sympathetic

Question 34

Muscle layers in upper 1/3 vs lower 2/3?

Answer 34

``` Upper= striated skeletal Lower= Smooth muscle ```

Question 35

What is peristalsis?

Answer 35

Wave of relaxation followed by contraction triggered by gut wall distension

Question 36

What is peristalsis controlled by?

Answer 36

Enteric Nervous System

Question 37

Where is the myenteric plexus present?

Answer 37

Muscularis mucosae between circular and longitudinal

Question 38

What cells are in myenteric plexus?

Answer 38

ICC Pacemakers

Question 39

Peristaltic contractions occur when?

Answer 39

ENS depolarizes by opening Ca2+ channels to achieve threshold

Question 40

What determines the rate of peristaltic contraction?

Answer 40

The slow wave

Question 41

Circular muscle contract behind the bolus in peristaltic contractions. True or False?

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Contraction/Relaxation of muscles in peristalsis caused by?

Answer 42

ACh | Relaxation caused by NO & VIP

Question 43

What is a peritoneum?

Answer 43

Continuous membrane that lines abdominal cavity walls and organs. There is a visceral and parietal peritoneum and the gap between these is called the peritoneal cavity

Question 44

Examples of intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 44

``` Liver GB Stomach Spleen Transverse colon Small bowel ```

Question 45

Describe intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 45

Covered in visceral peritoneum, minimal mobility

Question 46

Describe retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 46

Only has visceral peritoneum on anterior surface, no mobility

Question 47

Examples of retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 47

Kidneys Pancreas Ascending and descending colon

Question 48

Describe organs within mesentery?

Answer 48

Visceral peritoneum wraps around organ to form double layer, very mobile. Mesentery has Blood supply and lymphatics

Question 49

Examples of within mesentery organs?

Answer 49

Small bowel Transverse colon Sigmoid colon

Question 50

What is the omentum?

Answer 50

Fold of visceral peritoneum?

Question 51

Where is the greater omentum?

Answer 51

Hangs down from stomach, extend from greater curvature of stomach. It passes infront of small bowel and doubles back up to transverse colon ending in posterior abdomen wall. 4 Layers

Question 52

What extends from the liver?

Answer 52

The lesser omentum

Question 53

Where does portal triad lie?

Answer 53

On the free edge of the lesser omentum

Question 54

The omentum divides the peritoneal cavity into?

Answer 54

Sacs | Greater and lesser

Question 55

How doe greater and lesser sac commiunicate?

Answer 55

Omental foreman (foreman of winslow)

Question 56

What does the greater sac contain that lesser deosnt?

Answer 56

Subphrenic recess and hepatorenal recess

Question 57

Pouches for males?

Answer 57

Recto-vesicular pouch

Question 58

Pouches for females?

Answer 58

Recto-uterine pouch (pouch of douglas) | Vesico-uterine pouch

Question 59

Nerves in the abdominal wall?

Answer 59

Somatic sensory nerves Somatic motor nerves Sympathetic nerve fibres

Question 60

Visceral afferents?

Answer 60

- Run alongside sympathetic fibres to spinal cords | - Pain from these can be refered pain

Question 61

Where can liver pain be referred to? where can pancreatic pain be referred to?

Answer 61

Right shoulder- liver | Back- pancreatic

Question 62

ANS- sympathetic?

Answer 62

From the abdominosplanchnic nerves, which synapse at pre-vertebral ganglia then travel with arteries (peri-arterial plexus)

Question 63

ANS- parasympathetic?

Answer 63

presynaptic nerves travel on the oesophagus, then via periarterial plexus.

Question 64

What supplies colon and anal canal?

Answer 64

Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,3,4)

Question 65

Explain appendicitis pain?

Answer 65

Initially generalized dull epigastric pain., which then becomes sharp and localized to lower right quadrant - Visceral afferent nerves cause general pain - Appendix becomes more inflammed and parietal peritoneum & abdo wall become involved.

Question 66

Abdominal wall muscles superficial to deep?

Answer 66

- External oblique - Internal oblique - Transversus abdominis - Rectus abdominis