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07. Year 2: Alimentary System > Anatomy Overview 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In this picture, what are the vertical and horizontal lines?

A

Vertical are midclavicular lines

Horizontal lines are subcostal plane (superior) and transpyloric plane (inferior)

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2
Q

What are some examples of foregut diseases?

A

Peptic ulcer

Gastric disease

Bilary disease

Pancreatic disease

Hepatic disease

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3
Q

What are some examples of midgut diseases?

A

Appendicitis

Small bowel obstruction

‘Proximal’ colon cancer

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4
Q

What are some examples of hindgut diseases?

A

Large bowel obstruction

Diverticular disease

Carcinoma of colon

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5
Q

Why do we divide the abdomen into 9 areas?

A

To localise pain to understand what disease/pathology is causing it

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6
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm

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7
Q

How many constrictions does the oesophagus have?

A

3

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8
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical (pharyngo-oesophageal)

Thoracic (broncho-aortic) cross by arch of aorta and left main bronchus

Diaphragmatic where is passes through the oesophageal hiatus

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9
Q

How far is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

15cm

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10
Q

How far is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

22.5cm and 27.5cm

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11
Q

How far is the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

40cm

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12
Q

Why is awareness of the 3 oesophagus constrictions important?

A

For passing instruments through the oesophagus into the stomach

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13
Q

What are the different parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pyloric

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14
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature

Lesser curvature

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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16
Q

What is the stomach bed formed by?

A

Diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon

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17
Q

What are some examples of clinical stomach issues?

A

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Carcinoma of the stomach

Gastric ulcers and vagotomy

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18
Q

What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening of the smooth muscle in the pyloris

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19
Q

Where does the liver lie relative to the ribs?

A

Deep to ribs 7 to 11 on the right side

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20
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Distinctive component of a hepatic lobule found rubbing along each of the lobules corners that consists of branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile ducts

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21
Q

What is the portal triad formed from?

A

Hepatic artery

Hepatic portal vein

Bile ducts

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22
Q

What do bilary ducts carry?

A

Bile from the liver to the gallbladder

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23
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

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25
What is the artery of the gallbladder?
Cystic artery
26
Where does the cystic artery lie?
In the triangle of calot
27
What is the pancreas?
Accessory digestive gland
28
What kind of gland is the pancreas?
Both exocrine and endocrine
29
What does the exocrine pancreas produce?
Pancreatic juice
30
What does the endocrine pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
31
What are the different parts of the pancreas?
Head Neck Body Tail
32
Where is the portal vein formed relative to the pancreas?
Behind the neck of the pancreas
33
What is the spleen?
Mobile haemo-lymphoid organ located in the left hypochondrium
34
What is the spleen covered by?
Completely covered by peritoneum except for the hilium
35
Where is the spleen relative to the ribs?
Related to ribs 9 to 11 on the left side
36
What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?
Spleen
37
What is a typical disease of the spleen?
Splenomegaly due to anaemia or typhoid fever
38
What supplies blood to the foregut?
Celiac trunk
39
Where does the celiac trunk originate?
Abdominal aorta (level T12)
40
What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric artery Hepatic artery Splenic artery
41
What are some examples of midgut structures?
Small intestine including most of duodenum Cecum Appendix Ascending colon Right half to 2/3rds of the transverse colon
42
What is the duodenum?
Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine
43
What recieves secretions from the bile and pancreatic duct?
2nd part of duodenum
44
Explain the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?
45
Explain differences in colour of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is deeper red Ileum is pale pink
46
Explain the differences in the wall of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is thick and heavy Ileum is thin and light
47
Explain the differences in the vascularity of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is greater Ileum is less
48
Explain the difference in the vasa recta of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum is long Ileum is short
49
Explain the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has a few large loops Ileum has many short loops
50
Explain the difference in the lymphoid nodules of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has a few Ileum has many
51
Explain the difference in the fat in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum has less Ileum has more
52
What supplies blood to the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
53
What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?
Abdominal aorta (level L1)
54
What is the superior mesenteric artery crossed by anteriorly?
Splenic vein and neck of pancreas
55
What are some branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
Jejunal (main) Ileal (main) Middle colic Right colic Iliocolic
56
What are some hindgut structures?
Left one third of transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Upper part of anal canal also includes epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
57
58
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
59
How can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine?
Omental appendices Haustra or saculations Teniae coli
60
What are omental appendices?
Small, fatty, peritoneal like projections
61
What are teniae coli?
Thickened bands of smooth muscle
62
What is haustra?
Small pouches caused by sacculation
63
What is the appendix?
Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue
64
How can the appendix change from one person to the next?
The position of it is variable
65
What is the most common position of the appendix?
Retrocecal
66
What is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis called?
Macburney's point
67
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery originate?
Abdominal aorta (level L3)
68
What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic Sigmoid arteries Superior rectal artery
69
What is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Superior rectal artery
70
What is the pelvis part of the gut tube?
Rectum
71
Where is the rectum found?
At the retro-sigmoid junction, anterior to vertebrae S3
72
What sphincters does the anal canal contain?
External anal sphincter (voluntary) Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
73
What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for men?
Prostate and seminal gland Collections in retrovesical fossa Ischial spines and tuberosites Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa Sacram and coccyx
74
What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for females?
Cervix Rectouterine fossa Ischial spines and tuberosites Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa Sacram and coccyx
75
What gives the parasympathetic innervation to abdominal organs?
Vagas nerve (cranial nerve 10) for foregut and midgut Pelciv splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) for hindgut
76
What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
10th cranial nerve
77
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerve originate?
S2 to S4
78
What sympathetic nerves innervate the abdominal organs?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-T9, lesser T10-T11 and least T12) Abdominal aortic plexus
79
Where do the sympathetic nerves that innervate abdominal organs originate?
T5-L2/L3
80
What are the vertebrae levels of the greater abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T5-T9
81
What are the vertebrae levels of the lesser abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T10-T11
82
What are the vertebrae levels of the least abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?
T12
83
What is venous drainage of the gut done by?
Portal vein
84
Where does the portal vein travel blood from and to?
From the GI tract including the spleen, pancreas and gallbladder to the liver
85
What is the portal vein formed by?
Union of the splenic vein and the supeior mesenteric vein
86
Where is the portal vein found?
Behind neck of pancreas (L2)
87
What are some sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?
Anarectal junction Gastroesophageal junction Around the umbilicus
88
What major vessel drains lymph from the abdomen?
Thoracic duct
89
What do lymphatic vessel run along?
Corresponding arteries
90
Where do lymphatic nodes form groups?
Around their major arteries and abdominal aorta
91
What are the 3 terminal groups of lymphatic lymph nodes?
Pre-aortic Lateral aortic Retro-aortic
92
What are examples of pre-aortic lymph nodes?
Celiac nodes Superior mesenteric nodes Inferior mesenteric nodes
93
What do pre-aortic lymph nodes drain?
Organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta
94
What do lateral aortic nodes drain?
Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
95
What do retro-aortic nodes drain?
Posteror abdominal wall
96
What lymph nodes are foregut structures drained by?
Celiac group
97
What lymph nodes are midgut structures drained by?
Superior mesenteric group
98
What lymph nodes are hindgut structures drained by?
Inferior mesenteric group
99
Why is knowledge of lymphatic drainage essential?
To understand the spread of cancer

07. Year 2: Alimentary System (41 decks)

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