Anatomy Part 1 (most recent) Flashcards by Dominic Padfield

What structures make up the limbic system?

HIPPO wearing a HAT
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amgydala
Thalamus

(Also:
Mamillary bodies
Prefrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus)

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Limbic system function?

Memory and emotion
Hippocampus = memory
Amygdala = emotion
Broadly speaking

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Components of basal ganglia?

Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Substantia nigra

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Facial nerve and muscles of facial expression arise from what?

2nd pharyngeal arch

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Course of facial nerve?

Arises in Pons as 2 roots
Travels through internal acoustic meatus (in temporal bone)
Then enter facial canal (in temporal bone) - two roots fuse
Leave facial canal through stylomastoid foramen
THrough parotid into terminal motor branches

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Intracranial branches of facial nerve?

1st the geniculate ganglion but not really a branch…

Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani

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Extracranial branches of facial nerve?

Posterior auricular nerve
Nerve to digastric
nerve to stylohyoid
terminal motor branches (5)

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Terminal motor branches of facial nerve?

From superior to inferior:
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

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Risks of spreading infection intracranially?

Facial vein is valveless, blood can track back into cavernous sinuses.
Structures close to the sinuses are at risk:
Within the cavernous sinus:
Internal carotid artery
CNVI

Lateral aspects of sinuses:
CNIII
CNIV
CNV1
CNV2

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Layers of the scalp?

Mnemonic SCALP
Skin
dense Connective tissue
epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum of the skull

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Contents of the inguinal canal?

Male:
Spermatic cord
Female:
Round ligament of uterus

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Walls (boundaries) of inguinal canal?

Roof:
Transversalis fascia; internal oblique; transversus abdominis

Floor:
Inguinal ligament

Posterior:
Transversalis fascia

Anterior:
Aponeurosis of external oblique
(and internal oblique)

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Structures passing through diaphragm?

T8 - IVC

T10 - Oesophagus; oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels; vagus nerve

T12 - Aorta; thoracic duct; azygous vein

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Muscles of posterior abdominal wall and their actions?

Psoas major - flexes thigh at the hip; lateral flexion of vertebral column

Psoas minor - flexion of vertebral column

Quadratus lumborum - extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column

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Abdominal aorta branches?

ALl arteries obviously.
Mnemonic: 
Prostitutes cause saggy swollen red testicles living in sin
Phrenic (inferior)
Coeliac
Superior mesenteric 
Suprarenal (middle)
Renal
Testicular/ovarian
Lumbar
Inferior mesenteric
median Sacral

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Blood supply to the scalp?

3 main:
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery

+
Supraorbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
(From ICA)

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Lacerations to the scalp?

Bleed profusely due to:
Dense anastamoses of arteries
Vessels are adhered to dense connective tissue, preventing constriction
Pull of epicranius muscle prevents closure

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Innervation of posterior scalp?

Lesser and greater occipital nerves

- branch of anterior rami of C2/3

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Peripheral attachments of diaphragm?

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
Costal cartilages ribs 7-12
Xiphoid sternum

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Central attachments of diaphragm?

Vertebrae - Right and left crus

Central tendon (superior) fuses with pericardium

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Vasculature of diaphragm?

Main blood supply:
Inferior phrenic arteries

Other blood supply:
Superphrenic artery
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Musculophrenic artery

VEINS ARE THE SAME

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Superficial radio-ulnar joint articulating surfaces?

(u) Trochlear notch + Head of radius (r)
(u) Radial notch + Neck of radius (r)
(u) Coronoid process + radial tuberosity (r)

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Tests for median, radial, ulnar nerves?

AGAINST RESISTANCE
Radial - wrist/finger extension
Median - thumb abduction
Ulnar - finger abduction (of index finger)

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Boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Lateral - Brachioradialis
Medial - Pronator teres
Superior - line between two epicondyles
Triangular shape

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Contents of cubital fossa?

Biceps tendon Brachial artery - bifurcates at apex Median nerve (also radial nerve)

Contents of femoral canal?

``` NAVEL (medial to lateral) Nerve Artery Vein Empty space (to allow vessels to distend) Lymphatics (femoral canal) ```

Contents of femoral sheath?

Within canal but only contains vessels | artery, vein, lymphatics

Where (and when) to gain access tp femoral artery?

Mid-inguinal point (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis) | Used for catheterisation in coronary angiography (and arterial blood sampling)

Muscles in anterior compartment of lower leg?

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallicus longus Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

Muscles in lateral compartment of lower leg?

Fibularis (peroneus) longus | Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Muscles in posterior compartment of lower leg?

``` Separated again - Deep: Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallicus longus Popliteus Tibialis posterior ``` Superficial: Gastrocnemius Plataris Soleus

Describe the DURA mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

Two connective tissue layers (endosteol and meningeal) between which dural venous sinus lies Four Dural reflections formed from dura mater Supplied mainly by middle meningeal artery Innervated by trigeminal nerve

Describe the ARACHNOID mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

Layers of connective tissue, avascular, not innervated Subarachnoid space contains CSF

Describe the PIA mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

Thin, tightly adhered to brain, gyri and fissures | Highly vascularised

Dural reflections?

Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Formed by DURA MATER

Structures encountered during lumbar puncture?

Trying to get to subarachnoid space ``` Skin, subcut, muscles Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Epidural space Dura mater & arachnoid Subarachnoid space ```

Structures encountered during epidural anaesthetic block?

``` Skin, subcut, muscles Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Epidural space ```

Structures encountered during spinal anaesthetic block?

``` Same as lumbar puncture: Skin, subcut, muscles Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Epidural space Dura mater & arachnoid Subarachnoid space ```

Difference between epidural and spinal anaesthesia?

Epidural: Weak block for pain fibres mainly Large amount of anaesthesia needed Post-op/labour pain Spinal block: Strong block of all modalities (motor, sensation etc) Small amount of anaesthesia needed Surgery lower limb/abdo/perineum BOTH AT L2/3 or L3/4

Innervation and arterial supply of anterior compartment of leg?

Deep fibular nerve Anterior tibial artery

Innervation and arterial supply of lateral compartment of the leg?

Superficial fibular nerve Fibular artery

Innervation and arterial supply of posterior compartment of the leg?

Tibial nerve Posterior tibial artery

Posterior compartment of upper arm: innervation and vasculature?

Triceps brachii Profunda brachii artery Radial nerve

Anterior compartment of upper arm: innervation and vasculature?

BBC: Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Brachial artery (muscular branches) Musculocutaneous nerve

Muscles innervated by lateral plantar nerve?

``` Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Quadratus plantae 3 lateral lumbricals Adductor hallicus Dorsal and plantar interosseous ```

Muscles innervated by medial plantar nerve?

Abductor hallicus Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor hallicus brevis

Extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts?

Pyramidal: Arise from cerebral cortex Carry motor fibres for VOLUNTARY movements Extrapyramidal: Arise from brainstem Carry motor fibres for INVOLUNTARY movements

Explain course of blood from pterygoid plexus to external jugular vein?

Pterygoid plexus drains into maxillary vein. Maxillary vein joins with superficial temporal vein to form retromandibular vein Retromandibular vein joins with posterior auricular vein to form external jugular vein

Lateral ventricles to third ventricle connection?

Foramen of Munro or Interventricular foramen

Third ventricle to fourth ventricle connection?

Cerebral aqueduct

CSF exits fourth ventricle via?

``` R+L Lateral aperture (Foramen of Lushka) Median apertures (Foramen of Magendie) ```

What is transmitted via dorsal columns?

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception, 2-point discrimination

Where do dorsal columns go, and where do they decussate?

Go to thalamus (then somatosensory cortex) | Decussate in medulla

Where do spinothalamic tracts go, and where do they decussate?

Go to thalamus | Decussate in spinal cord level.

What do spinothalamic tracts carry?

Pain, temperature and crude touch

Where do corticospinal tracts go and where do they decussate?

Go to cortex LATERAL tracts decussate in medullary pyramids ANTERIOR tracts decussate in spinal cord (thoracic and cervical levels)

Glial cells: | Provide support and nutrients to neurones?

Astrocytes

Glial cells: | Form and maintain myelin?

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells: | Resident macrophage action?

Microglia

Signs of MS histopathologically?

``` Astrocyte fibrillary gliosis - astrocytes proliferate, lots of fibrillary processes - leading to dense glial scar Plaque formation Myelin breakdown ```

Transverse facial artery?

Branches off superficial temporal artery