Anatomy & Phisiology Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What are the three planes the body is cut into?
A
Median, Coronal, Transverse
2
Q
What is the cut along the median plane called?
A
Sagittal Section
3
Q
What is the cut along the coronal plane called?
A
Frontal Section
4
Q
What is the cut along the transverse plane called?
A
Cross-Section
5
Q
Superior
A
Above
6
Q
Inferior
A
Below
7
Q
Anterior
A
Facing Forward
8
Q
Posterior
A
Toward the back
9
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline
10
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline, toward the sides
11
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to point of attachment
12
Q
Distal
A
Farther away from the point of attachment
13
Q
What are the major body cavities divided into?
A
Dorsal and Ventral
14
Q
Includes the cranial and spinal cavities
A
Dorsal Cavity
15
Q
Includes the obits, nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
A
Ventral Cavity
16
Q
The Study of Tissues?
A
Histology
17
Q
What are the four fundamental tissues?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues
18
Q
What tissue is the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs?
A
Connective Tissue
19
Q
What covers, lines and protects he body and its internal organs?
A
Epithelial Cells
20
Q
What is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia?
A
Nerve Tissue
21
Q
What as the ability to contract or shorten and is classified as voluntary or involuntary?
A
Muscle Tissue
22
Q
What are the voluntary muscles?
A
Skeletal Muscles
23
Q
What are the involuntary muscles?
A
Smooth Muscle and cardiac muscle tissues
24
Q
What organ is the largest of the body?
A
Skin
25
What are the two layers of skin?
Epidermis and Dermis
26
What are the layers of the epidermis, outer to inner?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum (includes stratum basale and stratum spinosum)
27
What part of the epidermis does mitosis occur in?
Stratum Germinativum
28
What protects the skin against radiation from the sun and provides skin color
Melanin
29
What type of sweat gland is the most widely distributed to regulate body temperature?
Eccrine
30
What type of secretion do the sweat glands of the armpits and groin display?
Apocrine
31
What type of secretion is Sebum produced by?
Holocrine
32
What are appendages of the swine such as hair and nails composed of?
Strong protein called Keratin
33
What is the term that refers to blood cell formation?
Hemopoiesis
34
What are the five classifications of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones
35
What is a long bone composed of?
Epiphysis at each end (cancellous) spongy bone
| Diaphysis (shaft) compact bone
36
What cells form compact bone?
Osteoblasts
37
What happens to the osteoblasts when they have become fixed in the dense bone matrix?
They maintain bone tissue as osteocytes
38
What consists of the skull, vertebral column, twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum?
The Axial Skeleton
39
What are the bones of the cranium?
Occipital, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, pairs of Parietal, temporal and ossicles of the ear
40
What are the bones of the ear?
Malleus, incus and stapes
41
What are the five subsections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae in each?
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7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
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42
What is the skeleton called that includes the girdles and the limbs?
Appendicular Skeleton
43
What is the pelvis broken in to?
Ilium, ischium and pubis
44
How do muscles produce movement and contraction?
A response to nervous stimulation
45
What is necessary for a muscle cell to contract?
ATP and Calcium
46
What does it mean to be a voluntary muscle?
The muscle is under conscious control
47
What reduces the angle at the joint?
Flexors
48
What increases the angle at the joint?
Extensions
49
What draws the limb away from the midline?
Abductors
50
What bring the limb back toward to the body?
Adductors
51
What does the Nervous system consist of?
Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves
52
What are the main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, axon and dendrites
53
What transmits the impulse toward the cell body?
Dendrites
54
What transmits the impulse away from the cell body?
Axons
55
What is CNS?
Central Nervous System
56
What is PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System
57
What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS?
Sensory (afferent)neurons
58
What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs?
Motor (efferent) Neurons
59
What are they major parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum and the Medulla Oblongata
60
Associated with movement and sensory input
Cerebrum
61
Responsible for muscular coordination
Cerebellum
62
Controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate?
Medulla Oblongata
63
How long is the spinal cord?
18 inches long
64
Where do the endocrine system and nervous system meet?
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
65
What governs the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
66
What are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells?
Hormones
67
What are the two major groups of hormones?
Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones
68
What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex that reduces inflammation, raises the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of histamine?
Cortisol
69
What type of hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Tropic Hormones
70
What is unique about Tropic Hormones?
They mainly act on other endocrine glands
71
What are the 5 tropic hormones?
```
Somatotropin Hormone (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
```
72
What hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Oxytocin (the labor hormone), Antidiuretic Hormone
73
What does the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?
Tells the kidney’s how much water to conserve
74
What does whole blood consist of?
55% Plasma and 45% formed elements
75
What are the formed elements of whole blood?
Erythrocytes (RBC’s), Leukocytes (WBC’s) and platelets
76
Where are the formed elements of blood produced?
Red Bone Marrow
77
What WBC’s are involved in phagocytosis (engulfing particles)
Neutrophils and Monocytes
78
What WBC’s are involved in antibody formation?
Lymphocytes
79
What is the function of platelets?
Blood Clotting
80
What is the heart muscle called?
Myocardium
81
What initiates a heart beat?
Sinoatrial Node
82
What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart referred to as?
Systole and Diastole
83
What carries blood to and from the heart?
Arteries carry away, veins carry towards
84
Smallest part of arteries?
Arterioles
85
Smallest part of veins?
Vacuoles
86
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Interstitial Muscles
87
What in the brain controls respiration?
Medulla Oblongata
88
What is the upper respiratory tubules lined with that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs?
Cilia
89
What is the digestive tube called?
Alimentary Canal
90
What does the digestive tube consist of?
Mouth Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum and Anus
91
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
Liver, pancreas and gallbladder
92
What term refers to chewing?
Mastication
93
What enzyme found in saliva starts the digestion of complex carbs?
Amylase
94
What are the four layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer?
Mucous Membrane
Submucous
Muscular
Serous
95
What is created in the stomach as the muscles churn the bolus food?
Chyme
96
Where does digestion and absorption of food occur?
Small Intestines
97
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
98
What provides an increase in surface area of the small intestinal wall?
Villi
99
What are the five portions of the large intestine?
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum
100
What does the urinary system consist of?
Two Kidneys, Two Ureters, Urinary Bladder and urethra
101
What are the functional units of the kidney?
Nephrons
102
Where is the actual filtration process of the kidneys?
The glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron
103
What are the two functions of the reproductive system?
Production of gametes, production of hormones
104
By what method are gametes formed?
Meiosis
105
What controls the production of gametes and hormones in the reproductive system.
Tropic Hormones from the pituitary gland
106
What is reproductive activity in women and men?
Cyclical in women and continuous in men?
107
Where does spermatozoa develop?
The Seminiferous tubules of each testis.
108
Where do sperm mature?
Epididymis
109
What is the pathway of ejaculation?
Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra.
110
What glands provide the semen?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands
111
What is testicular activity under the control of?
Two anterior pituitary hormones, FSH and LH
112
During day 14 of the female cycle what occurs?
A surge of LH is released from the pituitary, stimulating ovulation
113
What does the corpus luteum secrete which further stimulates the development of the endometrium?
Progesterone and Estrogen
