Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
During _____, complex molecules are broken down and energy is released.
A
Catabolism
2
Q
During _____, a chemical reaction occurs that uses energy to join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules such as carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
A
Anabolism
3
Q
When attempting to palpate a muscle, the therapist should move their fingers in what direction?
A
Perpendicular to the muscle fiber
4
Q
What body system is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients?
A
Circulatory
5
Q
What chemical is produced by cell metabolism that is considered waste?
A
Carbon Dioxide
6
Q
The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the three main components of what system?
A
Circulatory
7
Q
What part of the body carries blood rich in oxygen and nutrients away from the heart?
A
Arteries
8
Q
Which hold a higher pressure? Arteries or Veins
A
Arteries
9
Q
What carries blood between arterioles and venules?
A
Capillaries
10
Q
What carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart?
A
Veins
11
Q
What is the name of the main artery closest to the heart?
A
Aorta
12
Q
What artery supplies blood to the head via the aorta?
A
Carotid artery
13
Q
What artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen and legs from the descending aorta?
A
Iliac arter
14
Q
What artery supplies blood from the iliac to the back of the knees?
A
Femoral artery
15
Q
What artery supplies blood to the back of the knees?
A
Popliteal artery
16
Q
What artery supplies the lower legs with blood?
A
Tibial artery
17
Q
What artery branches sideways at the collar bone to supply the upper extremities with blood?
A
Subclavian artery
18
Q
What is the name of the process when the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from body and pumps to lungs at a low pressure?
A
Pulmonary Circulation
19
Q
What is the name of the process when oxygen-replenished blood returns to the left side of the heart from the body at a higher pressure?
A
Systemic Circulation
20
Q
What is the contraction of the heart called?
A
Systole
21
Q
What is the relaxation of the heart called?
A
Diastole
22
Q
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
A
Atria
23
Q
What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?
A
Ventricles
24
Q
What is the name of the valve that controls blood flow through the left atrium & ventricle?
A
Mitral valve
25
What is the name of the valve that controls blood flow through the right atrium & ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
26
What part of the circulatory system consists of the composition of 92% H2O, and 8% glucose, minerals, enzymes, hormones, waste & antibodies?
Plasma
27
What part of the circulatory systems consists of the composition of 54% plasma, 1% leucocytes & platelets, and 45% erythrocytes?
Blood
28
What is the name of red blood cells that carry oxygen?
Erythrocytes
29
What is the name of the blood cells that is most numerous?
Erythrocytes
30
What is the name of the blood cell that is to fight infections, trigger allergic reactions, and destroy foreign bodies?
Leucocytes
31
What is the name of the smallest kind of blood cell that is involved in blood clotting?
Thrombocytes
32
What is the unit blood pressure is measured in?
MMHG (millimeters of mercury)
33
What is the top number of blood pressure measuring?
Systolic blood pressure. Peak pressure by contracting ventricles.
34
What is the bottom number of blood pressure measuring?
Diastolic blood pressure. Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed.
35
Where is the temporal artery pulse point?
between ear & cheek bones
36
What pulse point is located under the jaw between the trachea and SCM?
Carotid artery
37
What pulse point is located at the top of the forearm on the anterior side?
Brachial artery
38
What pulse point is located below the thumb along the radial bone?
Radial
39
What nutrient is the most adaptable and readiest form of energy?
Carbohydrates
40
What hormone regulates the hunger-appetite stimulant?
Ghrelin
41
What is the set of tissues called located in the abdominal cavity that holds the intestines in place?
Mesenteries
42
What is the fat-derived tissue that supports surrounding gastrointestinal organs called?
Omentum
43
The largest serous membrane that lines the digestive tract is called...
Peritoneum
44
What type of adipose tissue stores energy & secretes hormones?
White
45
What type of adipose tissue produces heat and regulates glucose and lipid metabolism?
Brown
46
What type of adipose tissue consists of a thermoregulatory function in the extreme cold?
Beige
47
What is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle called?
Peristalsis
48
What organ produces digestive juices, and is responsible for the hormones insulin and glucagon?
Pancreas
49
What organ stores and concentrates bile?
Gallbladder
50
What body systems' key functions are to regulate metabolic functions, regulate chemical reactions and regulate transportation of substances through cell membranes?
Endocrine System
51
What kind of glands are ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream or diffuse them in tissues?
Endocrine glands
52
What kind of glands with ducts secrete products into ducts that open to specific areas?
Exocrine glands
53
What organ is responsible for most functions of the soul as well as maintaining homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
54
What gland controls other glands with influence of the hypothalamus involving tropic hormones?
Pituitary gland
55
What is it called when a series of glands signal each other in a sequence?
Axis
56
What hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction, especially in the uterus?
oxytocin
57
What gland regulates metabolism by maintaining adequate amounts of oxygen at a cellular level?
Thyroid gland
58
What hormone lowers blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into cells for energy?
Insulin
59
What glands are responsible for the flight or fight response and regulates adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol?
Adrenal glands
60
What gland is responsible for regulating serotonin, dopamine, and histamine?
Pineal gland
61
What hormone can suppress pain in a manner similar to morphine?
Endorphins
62
What system's main functions are to protect internal organs & structures from trauma, sun exposure, chemicals & water loss, prevents entry of bacteria and viruses, synthesizes vitamin D and detects stimuli through senses?
Integumentary
63
What is the most outer layer of the skin called?
Epidermis
64
What layer of skin does not contain nerves or blood vessels?
Epidermis
65
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
66
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?
8
67
How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?
12
68
How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?
5
69
How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?
5
70
How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
1
71
What kind of neurons do spinal nerves include?
Sensory and motor
72
Pathway of blood through the heart from the lungs.
Lungs > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral valve > Left Ventricle > Aortic valve > Aorta > Body
73
Pathway of blood through heart from body.
Body > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Tricuspid Valve > Right Ventricle > Pulmonic valve > Pulmonary arteries > Lungs
74
Where does blood go after the vena cava in the pulmonary circuit?
Right Atrium
75
Where does blood go after the mitral valve in the systemic circuit?
Left Ventricle
76
What vein does blood travel through after leaving the lungs to the heart in the systemic circuit?
Pulmonary vein
77
Where does blood go after leaving the pulmonic valve in the pulmonary circuit?
Pulmonary artieries
78
What are platelets?
Red blood cells
79
What is the large lymphatic vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the body below the chest region, as well as the entire left side called?
Thoracic Duct
80
What is the name of the lymphatic vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, upper chest and right arm?
Right Lymphatic Duct
81
Where does the thoracic duct empty lymph fluid into?
Left Subclavian Vein
82
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into?
Right Subclavian Vein
83
What is the name of the network of lymphatic vessels located on the sole of the foot?
Plantar Plexus
84
Are cranial nerves considered part of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system?
Peripheral
85
What nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord & meninges?
Central Nervous System
86
What are the name of the tissues that cover and support the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
87
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
88
Arachnoid, Dura Mater & Pia Mater are known as what?
The three layers of the membrane covering and supporting the CNS, also known as meninges.
89
What is the name of the serous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?
Arachnoid
90
What is the name of the tough, fibrous membrane forming the outermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?
Dura Mater
91
What is the name of the delicate, fibrous, and highly vascular membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
92
What is the order of layers of meninges membrane starting with the outermost layer?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
93
What is the name of the water-soluble vitamin that aids in the formation of hemoglobin and nucleic acids that is found in green vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits and whole grains?
Folic Acid
94
What fat-soluble vitamin supports mucous membrane health, skin, hair, bone development, and retinal health?
Vitamin A
95
What fat-soluble vitamin aids in development of bones and teeth and assists in calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
96
What fat-soluble vitamin conserves fatty acids and protects cell membranes?
Vitamin E
97
What fat-soluble vitamin plays an important role in blood clotting?
Vitamin K
98
What is the system called that is located in the inner ear, and is essential in determining and reporting the head's position and direction of movement?
The vestibular system
99
What is the name for the ligament that stabilizes the knee joint by attaching the superior surface of the anterior tibia to the inferior surface of the posterior femur?
ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
100
What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the knee joint by attaching the superior surface of the posterior tibia to the inferior surface of the anterior femur?
PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
101
What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the medial aspect of the knee by connecting the medial side of the femur to the medial side of the tibia?
MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament)
102
What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the lateral aspect of the knee by connecting the lateral side of the femur to the lateral side of the fibula?
LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament)
103
True or False. Water is able to transport toxic substances to the pancreas within the body.
False
104
True or False. Water dilutes toxic substances and transports them to the liver and kidneys within the body.
True
105
True or False. Water provides a medium for bodily chemical reactions.
True
106
True or False. Water regulates chemical distribution within cells as well as distributes heat around the body.
True
107
What is the name of the process that occurs as the lungs absorb oxygen from the air outside the body (inhalation) and transports carbon dioxide cells back out into the environment (exhalation)?
External Respiration
108
What is the name of the process where the respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body's cells?
Internal Respiration
109
What is the 1st pair of cranial nerves responsible for?
Olfactory (smell)
110
What is the 2nd pair of cranial nerves responsible for?
Optic (vision)
111
What does the 3rd, 4th and 6th pairs of cranial nerves assist with?
Oculomotor, Trochlear motor, and abducent motor. Muscles/movement of the eyes
112
What does the 5th pair of cranial nerves do?
Trigeminal - muscles of mastication (face, sinuses, teeth)
113
What is the main function of the 7th pair of cranial nerves?
Facial motor - muscles of the face
114
What is the main function of the 8th pair of cranial nerves?
Vestibulochochlear sensory - inner ear
115
What is the function of the 9th cranial nerve?
Glossophayngeal motor (posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx)
116
What is the function of the 10th cranial nerve?
Vagus motor. Heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract
117
What is the function of the 11th cranial nerve?
Accessory motor, SCM & trapezius muscles
118
What is the function of the 12th cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal motor, muscles of the tongue
118
What cranial nerve is responsible for sense of smell?
1st (olfactory)
119
What cranial nerve is responsible for the internal organs?
10th (vagus)
120
What cranial nerve is responsible for the nerves and muscles of the inner ear?
8th (vestibulocohclear)
121
What cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
2nd (optic)
122
What cranial nerve is responsible for spinal accessory motor function, like the SCM and trapezius muscle?
11th
123
What cranial nerves are responsible for the muscles and movement of the eye?
3rd, 4th, and 6th (Oculomotor, Trochlear motor, and abducent)
124
What cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions?
7th (facial motor)
125
What cranial nerve is responsible for the muscles of the throat and taste?
9th (Glossophayngeal)
126
What cranial nerve is responsible for the movements of the tongue, and taste?
12th (Hypoglossal)
127
What cranial nerve is responsible for the senses of the face, sinuses, and jaw muscles?
5th (Trigeminal)
128
What system consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and smell centers?
Limbis System
129
What part of the limbic system regulates homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
130
What part of the limbic system relays information?
Thalamus
131
What part of the limbic system is responsible for emotions?
Amygdala
132
What part of the limbic system is responsible for memory conservation?
Hippocampus
133
Which of the 5 senses can be broken into two categories?
Touch - Vestibular & Proprioceptive
134
What sense creates awareness of oneself and one's position in the environment?
Vestibular sense
135
What sense is the ability to feel, understand, and visualize the body and plan body movements?
Proprioception
136
What endocrine organ release the hormone known as parathormone?
Parathyroid
137
What hormone combines with vitamin D to regulate calcium levels throughout the body?
Parathormone
138
What hormone is responsible for inhibiting the urge to urinate?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) also called vasopressin
139
What is vasopressin?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
140
What endocrine organ is responsible for releasing ADH?
Pituitary gland
141
What hormone stimulates feelings of love and belonging as well as lactation?
Oxytocin
142
What is the term dorsal referencing?
The back
143
What is the term cephalic referencing?
The head
144
What is osseous tissue?
Bone tissue
145
What kind of bone tissue is hard and dense? It makes up the main shaft of a long bone & the outer layer of other bones.
Compact bone
146
What kind of bone tissue is made up of a meshwork of small bony plates, and is filled w/ red marrow? It is found in epiphysis of long bones & center of other bones.
Spongy (cancellous) bone
147
What type of marrow is found at the ends of long bones, and center of other bones, and manufactures blood cells?
Red marrow
148
What type of marrow is found in the central cavities of long bones and is composed largely of fat?
Yellow marrow
149
What is the name of the outermost membrane that covers bone?
Periosteum
150
What is the name of the thinner membrane that lines the bone's marrow cavity? It contains cells that aid in the growth and repair of bone tissue.
Endosteum
151
What type of cells build bone tissue?
Osteoblasts
152
What type of cells break down bone tissue?
Osteoclasts
153
What vitamin promotes calcium absorption from the intestine?
Vitamin D
154
What hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland lowers calcium levels in the blood?
Calcitonin
155
What is the name of secondary bone forming centers that develop across the ends of long bones?
Ephipyseal plate
156
What is the name of the bone projection that is rounded, knoblike, end separated from the rest of the bone by a neck?
head
157
What is the name of the bone projection that is just a slender, long region?
neck
158
What is the name of the bone projection that is large?
process
159
What is the name of the bone projection that is rounded?
condyle
160
What is the name of the bone projection that is usually located above a rounded projection but is smaller than the one below it?
epicondyle
161
What is the name of the bone projection that is a distinct border or ridge?
crest
162
What is the name of the bone projection that is a sharp projection from the surface of the bone?
spine
163
What is the name of the bone depression that is a hole to allow a vessel or nerve to pass through?
foramen
164
What is the name of the bone depression that is an air space, found in some skull bones?
sinus
165
What is the name of the bone depression that is a depression on the surface of the bone?
fossa
166
What is the name of the bone depression that is a short channel or passageway?
meatus
167
What is the name of the lower jaw bone?
Mandible
168
What is the name of the upper jaw bone?
Maxilla
169
What is the name of the bones found in the medial corner of the eyes?
Lacrimal
170
What is the inferior part of the nasal septum called?
vomer
171
What is the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process a part of?
sternum
172
What is the name of the bony process that joins the clavicle and scapula?
acromion
173
What is the name of the bony projection on anterior surface of scapula that allows for muscle attachments?
coracoid process
174
What is the name of the joint that provides movement of the scapula over the back side of the ribcage?
scapulothoracic joint
175
What muscle elevates and retracts the mandible, allowing mastication?
Temporalis
176
What muscle closes or clenches the jaw?
Masseter
177
What muscle with 2 heads inserts behind the ear and is responsible for flexing the neck?
SCM
178
What muscle is responsible for extending the neck and head, as well as moving and stabilizing the scapula?
Trapezius
179
What muscle assists the shoulder in flexing, medially rotating, horizontally adducting, extending, laterally rotating, and horizontally abducting?
Deltoid
180
What muscles flexes the elbow and shoulder and attaches to the scapula process and radius?
Biceps brachii
181
What muscle attaches to the fibula & 1st metatarsal/medial cuneiform from the lateral side of the foot and is responsible for everting the foot?
Peroneus longus
182
What muscle attaches to the tibia & 1st metatarsal/medial cuneiform from the medial side of the foot and is responsible for inverting the foot?
Tibialis Anterior
183
What muscle attaches to the femur & heel, and flexes the knee as well as plantar flexes the ankle?
Gastrocnemius
184
What muscle attaches to the tibia & fibula & the heel and is responsible for plantar flexing the ankle, on the medial side?
Soleus
185
What muscle of the rotator cuff attaches from the lateral border of scapula to humerus and helps with lateral rotation, adduction, and stabilization of the shoulder?
Teres Minor
186
What muscle that is not part of the rotator cuff group attaches from the lateral border of scapula to the humerus and is responsible for extending, adducting and medially rotating the shoulder?
Teres Major
187
What muscle that attaches to the humerus and lumbodorsal fascia is responsible for extending, adducting and medially rotating the shoulder?
Latissimus Dorsi
188
What three-headed muscle attaches to the scapula/humerus & ulna and is responsible for extending the elbow and shoulder, as well as adducting shoulder?
Triceps Brachii
189
What is the name of nerves that carry information from the body to the CNS?
Afferent
190
What is the name of nerves that carry information to the body from the CNS?
Efferent
191
Heavy percussion to the skin causes __, as a result of histamine release.
vasodilation
192
What are the four major types of tissue?
Nervous, muscle, epithelial, and connective
193
What kind of epithelial tissue covers and line the outer and inner body?
Proper
194
What kind of epithelial tissue forms glands and secretes hormones and other substances?
Glandular
195
True or False. Epithelial tissues are avascular and rely on connective tissue for blood supply.
True
196
What hormone secreted from the thyroid controls the metabolism of cells?
Thyroxin
197
What is the genetic disorder of connective tissue that substantially weakens it over time?
Marfan syndrome
198
What type of tissue develops from mesenchymal cells, has different types of blood flow, and mostly composed of extracellular matrix?
connective
199
What is the watery, rubber, unstructured material that fills in the space between cells?
Ground substance
200
What is the strongest, most abundant fiber in the extracellular matrix?
Collagen
201
What are the name of the fibers made out of elastin that stretch and coil like rubber bands in the extracellular matrix?
Elastic fibers
202
What is the name of the extracellular matrix fibers that form spongelike networks similar to collagen fibers but are shorter and finer?
Reticular
203
What kind of connective tissue has fewer fibers, more cells and more ground substance?
Loose connective tissue
204
What kind of loose connective tissue is mostly cells and insulates the body against heat loss?
Adipose loose connective tissue proper
205
What tissue provides soft internal framework (stroma) of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow as well as supports developing blood cells? It also holds the blood in place in many organs
Reticular loose connective tissue proper
206
What is the tissue that connects your vertebrae allowing your spine to twist?
Elastic dense connective tissue proper
207
What is the name of the small cell fragments needed for blood clotting?
Platelets
208
What system synthesizes vitamin D and maintains your balance of fluids but is primarily used to act as a protective barrier for your body?
Integumentary System
209
Where can you find keratinocytes?
Hair, skin and nails
210
What kind of cells originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis and help with immune function by fighting foreign substances?
Langerhans cells
211
What kind of cells combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch?
Merkel cells
212
What is the outermost layer of epidermis called?
Stratum corneum
213
What is the innermost layer epidermis called?
Stratum basale
214
What layer of epidermis handles most cell reproduction and connects to the dermis?
Stratum basale
215
What is the name of the receptors that acquire information from the outside environment and send it to the brain?
Cutaneous sensory receptors (corpuscles)
216
What kind of corpuscles detect feeling and touch from the outside environment?
Tactile
217
What kind of corpuscles detect pressure?
Lemellar
218
How much blood volume is contained in your skin at any given time?
About 5%
219
What sweat glands are more abundant, are located on the surface and open up to a pore on your skin?
Eccrine
220
What sweat glands are located near body hair and produce a body odor?
Apocrine
221
What is the name of the transmitters in the sensory division of the PNS?
Afferent
222
What is the name of the transmitters in the motor division of the PNS?
Efferent
223
What is the name of cells that anchor to capillaries and exchange materials between blood supply and neurons?
Astrocytes
224
What kind of cells provide immune defense against invading microorganisms in the brain and spinal cord?
Microgial cells
225
What cells are responsible for wrapping around neurons and creating a protective barrier called a myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocytes
226
What is the soma in regards to a neuron?
cell body
227
What are the parts that branch out from the cell body in a neuron?
Dendrites
228
What part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?
axon
229
What kind of cells detect stretch of muscle?
Spindle cells
230
What is it called when physical forces are converted into intracellular biochemical responses that influence cell behavior and differentiation?
Mechanotrandsduction
