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Level 3 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Types of Tissue

A

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Membrane

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2
Q

Structure of the cell

A

Membrane, nucleus, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles, mitochondria.

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3
Q

Functions of cells

A

Transportation: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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4
Q

Pathologies related to cells and tissues

A

Cancer, metastasis and scarring

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5
Q

Cells within the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Langerhan cells, Melanocytes, Merkle Cells

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6
Q

What happens in the Stratum Germinativum

A

Continuous cell formation, keratinocytes & melanocytes

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7
Q

What happens in the Stratum Spinosum & Stratum Granulosum

A

Cell death due to Keratinisation

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8
Q

What happens in the Stratum Lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin

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9
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Shedding or desquamation

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10
Q

What’s in the Dermis Pt1

A

Papillary & Reticular Layers, matrix to include fibroblasts (collagen & elastin fibres) Hyaluronic Acid

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11
Q

What’s in the Dermis Pt2

A

Blood and lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, apocrine and sebaceous glands

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12
Q

What’s in the Subcutaneous Layer

A

Adipose Tissue

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13
Q

Composition of the blood

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Thrombocytes

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14
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transport
Heat Regulation
Defence
Clotting

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15
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System

A

Lymph Capillaries
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues

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16
Q

Composition of Lymph

A

Plasma Substances
Clear, straw coloured, fluid derived from blood plasma through capillary filtration

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17
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Collects tissue fluid
Lymph flow is unidirectional not circular

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18
Q

Structure of the nervous system Pt1

A

Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

Structure of the nervous system Pt2

A

Neurone- motor, sensory, interneurone
Nerve pathways

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20
Q

Functions of the hair

A

Insulation
Protection

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21
Q

Extrinsic factors that affect

A

Chemical exposure, topical stimulation & damage

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22
Q

Intrinsic factors that affect

A

Genetics, nutrition, hormones, medication, disease & disorders

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23
Q

Different types of joint with movement

A

Fixed - fibrous
Semi-movable - cartilaginous
Freely-moveable - synovial joint

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24
Q

Range of joint movement

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, addiction, circumduction, rotation, pronation, supination.

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25
Pathologies related to the skeletal system
Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Bunions, Hammer Toes, Fractures, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bursitis, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis.
26
Structure of blood vessels
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Venules.
27
Pathologies related to cardiovascular system
Heamatoma, Angina, DVT, Hypertension, Hypotension, Varicose Veins, Phlebitis, Stroke.
28
What treatments have a direct current
Galvanic face & body
29
What treatments have a alternating current
Microdermabrasion, indirect high frequency, G5, Vacuum Suction
30
What treatments have an oscillating current
Direct high frequency
31
What treatments have modified direct current
Microcurrent
32
What treatment has an interrupted current
EMS ( faradic)
33
What does prone mean
Face down
34
What does supination mean
Face up
35
What does lateral mean
Outside of body
36
What does medial mean
Inside of body
37
Where’s the satorious muscle ?
Part of the quadriceps, upper thigh 
38
State the four structures of the endocrine system
Endocrine Glands - ductless glands Hormones - chemical messengers Receptors and target organs Location of primary endocrine glands (9)
39
Functions of the Endocrine system
Hormone secretion directly into the blood stream Works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
40
Functions of the Endocrine System pt2
Control effect on the body’s functions- emotion, appetite, sexual activity, metabolism, water balance, control reproductive cycle
41
Functions of the Endocrine System pt3
Activation/inhibition of immune system Hormone secretion from the Endocrine glands and their target sites
42
State the 9 Endocrine glands
1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Pineal 4. Thyroid 5. Parathyroid 6. Thymus 7. Pancreas 8. Adrenal glands 9. Gonads - ovaries & testes
43
Physiological functions hormones effect
Growth Metabolism Appetite Puberty Fertility
44
Pathologies of the Endocrine System
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Polycystic ovaries Diabetes mellitus (1&2) Diabetes insipidus
45
How do hormones travel to their destination
The bloodstream
46
What system works closely with the endocrine system
The nervous system
47
Functions of the kidneys
Filtration/ waste from blood Regulation of water & salt balance in the body Maintenance of normal ph balance of blood Production of urine
48
Structure of the renal system
Ureters Bladder Urethra Kidneys
49
Functions of the respiratory system
Transports air Sound production Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide Sense of smell
50
Functions of the nervous system
Detect stimuli inside & outside of body Process & interpret stimuli Respond to stimuli Role in homeostasis Links with endocrine system Stimulates activity : activation of energy Inhibits activity: conservation of energy
51
Functions of the lymphatic system
•Filters bacteria & foreign materials, toxins & any harmful materials •Lymph drains excess tissue fluid from around the cells & transports it back to blood stream •Carries/transports waste & toxins to lymph nodes & lymph is filtered •Takes digested fat away from small intestines to the blood
52
Functions of the renal system
Regulation of body fluid General electrolyte composition & the need to maintain electrolyte balance PH values of the body’s systems
53
Pathologies of the cell
Cancer cell Metastasis Scarring
54
Types of tissue
Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue
55
Name the 3 types of simple epithelial tissue
Cuboidal Columnar Squamous
56
Name types of connective tissue
Blood tissue Adipose tissue Bone tissue
57
Name the 3 types of muscular tissue
Cardiac tissue Skeletal tissue Smooth tissue
58
Name types of nervous tissue
Nerves Neurons Glial cells
59
Name the 4 types of stratified epithelial tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinised stratified epithelium Non Keratinised stratified epithelium Transitional epithelium
60
Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium tissue
Tongue, cornea, female reproductive system
61
Where would you find keratinised stratified epithelium
Hair Skin Nails
62
Where would you find non keratinised stratified epithelium
Eyes Mouth
63
Where would you find transitional epithelium
The bladder Uterus
64
Functions of the skeletal system
•Production of blood cells( in red bone marrow) •Storage of calcium salts & phosphorus Calcium salts: •Responsible for growth of new bone •Prevent osteoporosis Phosphorus: •Build strong bones & teeth •Filter out waste in kidneys •Manage how your body stores and uses energy •Grow, maintain & repair tissues and cells
65
Types of bones
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones
66
Name the long bones of the body
Femur Fibula & tibia Clavicle Humerus Radius & ulnar Metacarpals & metatarsals Phalanges
67
What are long bones
Bones that allow movement
68
What are short bones
Bones that allow little movement
69
Where would you find short bones
Tarsals Carpals
70
Where would you find the flat bones
Occipital Parietal Frontal Nasal Vomer Lacrimal Scapula Innominate bones Sternum Ribs
71
What are flat bones
Protective bones with broad flat surfaces for muscular attachment
72
Where would you find irregular bones
Vertebrae - coccyx & sacrum Maxilla Mandible Ethmoid Palatine Sphenoid Zygomatic Temporal
73
What are irregular bones
They don’t fit into any particular category & have different characteristics
74
Where would you find sesamoid bones
Patella The Hyoid
75
What are sesamoid bones
Bones with tendons
76
What are you functions of the digestive system
Supplies the blood with oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide Ventilation- inhalation & exhalation
77
Structures of the upper respiratory system
Mouth Nose Pharynx Larynx
78
Structures of the lower respiratory system
Trachea Lungs Bronchii Bronchioles Alveoli The Pleural membranes
79
Functions of the digestive system
•Breaks down complex chemicals to simple ones •Absorb simple chemicals •Assimilate products of digestion •Eliminate indigestible materials
80
Structure of the digestive system
Alimentary canal/ Gastrointestinal Tract (upper&lower) Accessory organs
81
Upper tract of digestive system
Mouth Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus
82
Lower tract of digestive system
Stomach Small intestines Large intestine Rectum & anal canal
83
Digestive system accessory organs
Pancreas Liver Gall bladder
84
Structure of the cardiovascular system
Arteries Arterioles Veins Venules Capillaries
85
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport Heat regulation Clotting Defense
86
What are arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Have thick muscular walls Have no valves
87
What are veins
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart Contains valves Thinner muscular walls
88
What are capillaries
Carry both oxygenated & deoxygenated blood Links arteries to veins Capillary exchange
89
Functions of the muscular system
Movement Stability Posture Create heat Assists with blood flow & lymphatic movement Protection
90
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal - voluntary Cardiac - involuntary Smooth - involuntary
91
What’s the sliding filament theory
Actin & myosin Move together therefore shortening the muscle
92
Functions of the reproductive system
Produce, nourish, and transport either eggs or sperm
93
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Mons pubis Vulva Clitoris Labia major & minor
94
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Mons pubis Vulva Clitoris Labia major & minor
95
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Mons pubis Vulva Clitoris Labia major & minor
96
Structure of the male reproductive system
Testes Duct system Scrotum Seminal vesicle Prostrate gland Urethra Penis
97
Two different nervous systems
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
98
What does the central nervous system consists of
Brain & spinal cord
99
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
All of the nervous system - not brain & spinal cord Somatic, autonomic - sympathetic & parasympathetic
100
What’s the sympathetic system
Fight or flight Raises heart rate Increases breathing rate Dilates pupils Slows down digestive system
101
What’s the parasympathetic system
Rest & digest Heart rate is normalised Digestive functions are maintained Blood supply to muscles is reduced
102
What’s the somatic nervous system
Voluntary nervous system
103
What’s the autonomic system
Involuntary nervous system 1.Sympathetic 2.Parasympathetic Together they maintain homeostasis
104
What frequency does a galvanic machine have ?
Volts
105
What dies BIRO mean ?
Black Insertion Red Origin
106
What frequency does faradic have ?
Hertz
107
What does direct high frequency combat ?
Oily skin, gives a germicidal effect

Level 3 (2 decks)

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