Anatomy / Physiology

Question 1

Where is the thyroid follicular cells derived from?

Answer 1

Endoderm

Question 2

Where is the para follicular cells derived from?

Answer 2

4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 3

Where is the anterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 3

Ectoderm

Question 4

Where is the posterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 4

Neuro ectoderm

Question 5

Where is the adrenal cortex derived from?

Answer 5

Mesoderm

Question 6

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from?

Answer 6

Neural crest

Question 7

What type of cells are present in the adrenal medulla

Answer 7

Chromaffin cells

Question 8

3 type of langerhans cells in the pancrease

Answer 8

Alpha - glucagon (peripheral)
Beta - insulin (central)
Gamma - somatostatin (interspersed)

Question 9

Basophils of the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

B - FLAT
Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 10

Acidophils of the anterior pituitary

Answer 10

Acid PiG
Acidophils - PRL, GH

Question 11

Role of somatostatin

Answer 11

Inhibits GH and TSH

Question 12

How does growth hormone act on tissues

Answer 12

Through IGF-1 secreted by the liver

Question 13

What conditions increase GH release ?

Answer 13

Hypoglycaemia
Exercise
Sleep
Puberty
Strss

Question 14

What conditions decrease GH release ?

Answer 14

Somatostatin
Somatomedin (release by liver for negative feedback)
Hyperglycaemia
Ageing
Obesity

Question 15

Where is ADH synthesised

Answer 15

Supraoptic and paraventricular neuclei in hypothalamus

Question 16

Function of ADH and what receptors are involved

Answer 16

bLood pressure - V1
serum osmoLaLity - V2

Question 17

What hormone decreases prolactin release

Answer 17

Dopamine
Which is why dopamine angagonists (anti psychotics) cause gynaecomastia

TSH

Question 18

Where is dopamine synthesised

Answer 18

Ventral tangentum of hypothalamus

Question 19

What hormone decreases prolactin secretion

Answer 19

Dopamine and TSH

Question 20

Function of T3

Answer 20

7 B’s
Bone growth
Brain maturation
Basal metabolic rate
Blood sugar
Breaks down lipids
Beta adrenergic
Surfactant in Babies

Question 21

Whats responsible for converting T4 to T3 in tissues

Answer 21

5- deiodinase
(5-4-3)

Question 22

What increase thyroid binding globulin

Answer 22

Increased bound T3/T4 = inactive
Pregnancy, OCP

Question 23

Affects of PTH

Answer 23

Increases Ca in blood
Increases Ca and PO through bone resorption
Increases Ca reabsorption from DCT
Decreases PO reabsorption from PCT
Invreases Ca and PO absorption from GI tract

Question 24

Affect of excessive PTH on bone

Answer 24

Excessive resorption of bone = bone loss

Question 25

Does PTH rise in response to low or high magnesium

Answer 25

Low (PTH increases Mg)

Question 26

How does PTH and Ca change with PH?

Answer 26

Ca binds to albumin competitively with H ions. If PH high = less H so more Ca binds to albumin = low serum Ca = increased PTH If PH low - increased H ions = less Ca binds so serum Ca increases = low PTH

Question 27

Role of calcitonin and where its produced from

Answer 27

Opposes PTH - decreases bone resorption to decrease Ca Released from parafollicular C cells of thyroid

Question 28

What cells make glucagon

Answer 28

Alpha cells from pancreas

Question 29

Insulin independant transporters and where they are found

Answer 29

GLUT 1: brain, RBC, cornea, placenta GLUT 2: beta islet cells, GI tract, liver, kidney GLUT 3: brain, placenta GLUT 5: spermatocytes, GI tract SLGT1/ SLGT2: kidney, small intestines (BRICK LIPS)

Question 30

Insulin dependant transporters and where they are found

Answer 30

GLUT 4: skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Question 31

What is the function of ghrelin and where is it produced and where does it act on?

Answer 31

Produced by stomach Increases appetite and GH release Acts on lateral area of hypothalamus

Question 32

What is the function of leptin and where is it produced and where does it act on?

Answer 32

Satiety Produced by adipose tissue Acts on ventromedial area of hypothalamus

Question 33

What is the function of endocannabinoids and where does it act on?

Answer 33

Act on cannabinoid receptors of hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens Increase appetite

Question 34

what does the recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve innervate

Answer 34

all extrinsic muscles of thyroid ecept cricothyroid

Question 35

what pharyngeal branch is the recurrent laryngeal nerve derived from

Answer 35

6th pharyngeal arch

Question 36

is the left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve more prone to injury and why

Answer 36

left as it takes a longer course around aortic arch

Question 37

what muscle is responsible for abduction of vocal cord and what nerve is it innervated by

Answer 37

cricoarytenoid muscle recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

Question 38

what nerve is derived from 1st pharyngeal arch

Answer 38

maxillary and mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 39

what nerve is derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 39

facial nerve

Question 40

what nerve is derived from 3rd pharyngeal arch

Answer 40

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 41

what nerve innervates the stylopharyngeous muscle? and what pharyngeal arch is the nerve derived from?

Answer 41

glossopharyngeal (3rd arch)

Question 42

what nerve is derived from 6th pharyngeal arch

Answer 42

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 43

what nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 43

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

Question 44

how does calcitonin decrease Ca levels

Answer 44

decreases bone resorption of Ca

Question 45

what gene is associated with follicular thyroid cancer

Answer 45

RAS oncogene

Question 46

what thyroid cancer is associated with bone and lung mets

Answer 46

follicular thyroid cancer

Question 47

prolactinoma features

Answer 47

headache bitemporal hemianopia galactorrhoea impotence decreased libido

Question 48

prolactinoma's are due to proliferation of what cells

Answer 48

lactotrophs

Question 49

catecholamines are released by the adrenal medulla in response to what

Answer 49

direct stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves via Ach

Question 50

what type of receptors do oxytocin act on

Answer 50

G protein coupled receptors to stimulate uterine muscle contractions

Question 51

investigation for secondary cushings (i.e. cortisol secreting tumour)

Answer 51

high dose dexamethasone test (inability to suppress cortisol with high dose dex)

Question 52

what diabetic medication causes dilsulfiram like effects

Answer 52

1st generation sulphonyureas i.e. chlorpropamide

Question 53

structures derived from pharyngeal pouches 1-4

Answer 53

ears, tonsils, bottom to top 1 - middle ear, mastoid air cells, eustachian tube 2 - tonsils 3 - inferior parathyroid (dorsal) thyroid (ventral) 4 - superior parathyroid (dorsal) parafollicular c cells (ventral)

Question 54

what HLA antigen is associated with type 1 diabetes

Answer 54

found in 4% of peopel with T1DM HLA-DR3

Question 55

what HLA antigen is associated with pernicious anaemia

Answer 55

HLA-DR5

Question 56

hormones that use tyrosine kinase receptors

Answer 56

(Map tyrosine receptors - Get Found IN the MAP) GF-1 Insulin

Question 57

hormones that use intracellular receptors

Answer 57

PET CAT In TV Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone Cortisol, aldosterone, T3/T3, vitamin D

Question 58

hormones that use cGMP

Answer 58

BAD GraMPa Bnp, Anp, eDrf

Question 59

hormones that use cAMP

Answer 59

FLAT ChAMPS CHuGG FSH, LH, ACTH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, histamine, glucagon, GHRH

Question 60

where does IGF-1 enter the circulation

Answer 60

From the liver through the hepatic veins

Question 61

mechanism of action of steroids

Answer 61

bind to intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription

Question 62

treatment for hyperaldosteronism

Answer 62

spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)

Question 63

how would you identify factitious insulin administration

Answer 63

low C-peptide levels with hyperinsulinaemia