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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes the:
A) Inhibitory System
B) Excitatory System
C) Endocrine System
D) Autonomic System

A

D) Autonomic System

Source: CPDT 2025 handbook example

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2
Q

Grey Matter is

A

Neuronal Bodies - Brain Cells

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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3
Q

The Brain and the Spinal Cord make up the

A

The Central Nervous System

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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4
Q

White Matter

A

Neuronal tracts - axons and dendrites

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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5
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of

A

Sensory and Motor Nerves
Skin, heart, lungs, eyes, digestive
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic (fight/flight)
Parasympathetic (maintenance)

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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6
Q

True or false the Sympathetic Nervous System is only associated with threats and danger

A

False. While it does control fight or flight response, it also allows you to get up, walk, and perform inane actions.

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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7
Q

The primary Cerebral Hemispheres are

A
  • Olfactory Lobe (Smell)
  • Frontal Lobe (Regulation)
  • Parietal Lobe (Sensory)
  • Temporal Lobe (Memory/Emotion)
  • Occipital Lobe (Sight)

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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8
Q

Executive function: planning, sequencing
Preparation and organization of action
Short term/working memory
Impulse Control
Primary Motor Cortex (conscious movement)

A

The Frontal Lobe aka Frontal Cortex

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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9
Q

Damage to the Primary Motor Cortex may result in

A

Impairment in how the animal moves.

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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10
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Spatial attention and orientation
Visual Organization

A

The Parietal Lobes

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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11
Q

Damage to the Parietal Lobe can cause

A

Visual or spatial deficits

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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12
Q

Which system processes information related to Touch, Pressure, Temperature, Pain and Body Position

A

The Somatosensory System

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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13
Q

The Primary Auditory Cortex, responsible for recognizing and organizing sound is in which lobe?

A

The Temporal Lobe

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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14
Q

Damage to the Temporal Lobe may cause

A

Inhibited communication and auditory understanding.

You would be able to hear noises but may have difficulty interpreting their meaning.

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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15
Q

Understanding WHAT something is comes from which brain lobe

A

The Temporal lobe

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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16
Q

Understanding WHERE something is processed by which brain lobe?

A

The Parietal Lobe

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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17
Q

The Subcortical Structures include

A

Basal Ganglia
Pituitary
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecturee

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18
Q

The central relay station for all incoming and outgoing information associated with the cortex

A

The Thalamus

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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19
Q

Severe damage to the Thalamus would cause

A

Coma and death, you cannot survive without it.

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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20
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

Homeostasis

Heart rate, temperature, water balance, appetite, blood pressure, sex drive

Secretion of Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) which triggers the Pituitary to release ACTH which controls the release of cortisol

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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21
Q

The Cerebellum controls

A

Coordination of movement and balance

Fine motor control

Learning motor behaviors

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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22
Q

The Pituitary gland controls the following

A

Circadian/Annual cycles, reproductive cycles

Release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Growth Hormones (GH)
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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23
Q

Cerebellum deficits may exhibit

A

Tremors, loss of or inhibited motor function

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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24
Q

The Limbic System contains

A

Cingulate Gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia

Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture

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25
A common moniker for the Limbic System is
The "lizard brain" There is a hypothesis that this structure has been preserved through the evolution of most vertebrates. Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
26
Declarative memory is
Learning and memory of facts and episodic events. Hippocampus Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
27
Cortisol is bound to receptors in the
Hippocampus Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
28
Compulsive behavior may be due to dysregulation in the
Basal Ganglia Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
29
The Amygdala regulates
Emotional or affective significance to incoming sensory stimuli Formation of somatic and automatic responses Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
30
What is the one sense that bypasses the Thalamus and goes straight to the cortex for processing?
The sense of smell. Receptors in the nasal epithelium transmit directly to the primary Olfactory cortex. Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
31
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with fight or flight?
Adrenaline Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
32
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with concentration?
Noradrenaline Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
33
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward/reinforcement and movement?
Dopamine Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
34
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood and impulse control?
Serotonin Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
35
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with calming?
GABA Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
36
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with cognition and learning?
Acetylcholine Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
37
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with memory?
Glutamate Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
38
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with euphoria?
Endorphins Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
39
What neurotransmitter is most associated with attention, vigilance, learning, memory, anxiety and pain?
Norepinephrine Source: Raising Canine Neurology Lecture
40
The HPA axis is
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. A crucial neuroendocrine system that regulates stress and ultimately releases cortisol. Source: AiD - Bites of Biology Tim Lewis, DVM
41
Hypothalamus - releases CRF ⬇️ Anterior Pituitary - releases ACTH ⬇️ Adrenal Gland - Releases Cortisol
The HPA Axis Fight or Flight response but also critical for just getting energy/signals to move around.
42
In stress processing, when a threat is perceived, the ______ sends signals to the ______
In stress processing, when a threat is perceived, the *amygdala* sends signals to the *hypothalamus*
43
True or False: When the amygdala kicks in with a threat response, it is unlikely that a dog will respond to a cue immediately.
True. For at least 1 seconds but up to 3, 4 or 5 seconds, any audio cues will not be processed by the brain as the amygdala shunts information away from the frontal cortex and into the HPA axis. Source: AiD Bites of Biology, Dr. Tim Lewis DVM
44
The act of biting the back of the neck of a victim is called
Cervical Separation
45
Resiliency refers to
The ability to recover from stress or over arousal. Dogs with high resiliency will recover composure quickly from a heightened state of arousal/stress/HPA response. Source: Michael Shikashio
46
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Behavioral Ethology
47
What function does the Nervous System perform?
- Receive Information - Organize Information - Generate Behavioral Response
48
The Nervous System is made up of
Central Nervous System Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Sensory (afferent) External (senses) Internal (hunger, etc) Motor (efferent) Somatic (voluntary/reflexive eg muscles) Autonomic (involuntary eg heart) Sympathetic (arousal/fight/flight) Parasympathetic (rest & digest)
49
Name the two kinds of Nerve Cells
Neurons (like a telephone wire) Glial Cells (everything maintaining the "wire")
50
In Neurology Summation refers to
Multiple synaptic signals are sent and in combination are enough to cause a behavioral action. One single synapse firing will not cause action in the body, it is the Summation of multiple synapses or repeated firing of one synapse that will prompt action in the body. Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
51
What are the two categories of neurotransmitters?
Excitatory (continue info flow) Inhibitory (stop info flow) Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
52
Dopamine facilitates
- Pleasure/Reward - Muscular Control - Attention* - Activity Levels* Is both excitatory and inhibitory *Attention, specifically as dopamine facilitates the learning of what is important to pay attention to in the context of if that thing will be likely to be rewarding. *Activity Level, higher drive animals tend to have more baseline dopamine Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
53
Glutamate facilitates
- Learning - Memory - Motor Control Excitatory Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
54
GABA facilitates
- Tranquilization Slows the body/brain back down to baseline Inhibitory Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
55
Serotonin facilitates
- Sleep Cycles - Decreased Anxiety - Decreased Depression - Pain Management - Reduces Aggression - Reduces Impulsivity - Crucial for learning association to punishment (decreasing behavior) Inhibitory Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
56
The Corpus Callosum facilitates
Communication and coordination of sensory input between both hemispheres in the brain.
57
Potentiation in Neurology refers to
The strengthening of neural pathways/connections
58
What part of the brain is associated with impulse control?
The Frontal Lobe Source: Raising Canine Dog Anatomy
59
Dogs are red green color blind which means they best see which colors?
Blue and Yellow
60
True or false: dogs can see better in low light than humans
True
61
Dogs can see detect movement at what distance?
900 meters away Source: Raising Canine Anatomy based on a study done with GSDs
62
What is the hertz range for dog hearing?
47,000-65,000 hertz compared to humans at 16,000-20,000. They hear higher frequencies than us and and lower volume noises (15 decibels before we will detect the noise)
63
What is are Turbinate Bones?
Specialized olfactory sensors in dogs to pick up smells. 12% of incoming air is diverted from the lungs to the Turbinates for scenting. Scent is the only sense that skips the Thalamus and goes right to the Limbic System and Frontal Lobe. Also important for thermoregulation. Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
64
In heavy panting to control temperature, dogs breathe only in the upper respiratory system to avoid
Hyperventilating Source; Raising Canine Anatomy
65
The Vomernasal Organ (Jacobson's Organ)
Above soft palate, has additional olfactory sensors. Picks up pheromones. May prompt a flehmen response /tounging scent to the Vomernasal Organ, teeth chatter.
66
True or false: dogs are born with all the neurons they will ever have.
True. The Brain does grow to be around 10x bigger (depending on breed) from neonatal to mature, but all of that growth is attributed to the growth of connective pathways (synapses, dendrites) from learning. 50% of total brain growth happens in the first 8 weeks of life. Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
67
Sort of like an old fashioned switch board operator the, ______ , takes all info (except olfactory) and forwards it to the appropriate part of the brain for processing (and if it's important)
The Thalamus, part of the Limbic System
68
Cyngulate Gyrus
Facilitates play behavior and reproductive/maternal behavior
69
The Endocrine System secretes
Hormones
70
Hormones are released by ______ into _______ and affect _______. Effects are _____
Hormones are released by **glands** into **the bloodstream** and affect **organs**. Effects are **long lasting**.
71
The Papez Circuit is
A model for describing how a stimulus is processed into emotion through the brain. Source: Raising Canine Anatomy
72
Neurotransmitters are released by _____ into ______ and affect ______. Effects are ____
Neurotransmitters are released by **neurons** into **the synaptic cleft** and affect **neurons**. Effects are **instantaneous**.
73
Estrogen
Female sex hormone. Produced in the ovaries. Readies the body for reproduction and prompts behaviors related to reproduction.
74
Testosterone
Male sex hormone (androgen). Produced in the hypothalamus. Causes male physiological development. Triggers male sexual behavior and territorial aggression.
75
Adrenaline
Immediate stress response. Readies body for action. Produced by the Sympathetic part of the Autonomic Nervous System.
76
Noradrenaline
Part of the fight or flight immediate stress response, but primary function is to maintain blood pressure - increasing heart rate, constricting blood flow to other systems.
77
Main stress hormone, released by HPA Axis.
Cortisol
78
What is the standard body temperature for dogs? A) 97-99.5° B) 99.5-102.5° C) 102.2°-104.5° D) 98.6-100°
B) 99.5-102.5°
79
What is the normal resting respiratory rate for a dog?
Between 10-30 breaths per minute
80
Normal resting heart rate for dogs ranges from ________ BPM but can vary depending on breed, age and activity level.
**60-140 BPM** Puppies can have higher resting heart rates sometimes up to 160-200 BPM Small breeds tend to have higher resting BPM while large breeds have lower resting BPM.
81
**Central Nervous System** | | Brain Spinal Cord **Peripheral Nervous System** | \ Sensory Division Motor Division | | | | Visceral Somatic Visceral Somatic Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Division Division Division Division / | / | / | Sympathetic Parasympathetic
82
In a physiological sense, CRF refers to
Corticotropin Releasing Factor Stimulates ACTH which produces Cortisol
83
Hippocampal shrinking (neuronal death in the hippocampus) results from
Chronic Stress The hippocampus is responsible for learning so chronic stress can lead to inhibited learning.
84
In a veterinary sense an animals 'Signalment' refers to
Age, Breed, Sex, Reproductive Status
85
Polydipsia is
Excessive thirst/drinking Causes: Renal Issues, Diabetes, Drug Side Effects
86
Polyuria is
Excessive Urination Causes: Renal Issues, Diabetes, Drug Side Effects
87
Occult Urolithiasis
Kidney Stones
88
Acral Lick Dermatitis/ Lick Granuloma
Skin lesions caused by excessive licking
89
Iron or Zinc deficiency may cause a presentation of which malady?
Pica
90
Ataxia
a neurological condition characterized by loss of coordination and balance, causing stumbling, clumsiness, and difficulty walking
91
Normal blood pressure for a dog is
120
92
A congenital birth defect, most common in smaller breeds, that causes blood to be diverted around the liver is
A Portosystemic Shunt
93
Obesity, heat seeking behavior, bad skin, hair loss, slow wound healing and a decline in cognitive processing may be overt, non-behavioral signs of
Hypothyroidism Behaviorally, you may see a decline in social interaction, increase in aggression, anxiety, irritability or fearful behaviors.
94
Neoplasia
A tumor
95
Intervertebral Disc Disease or Degenerative Disc Disease is similar to what medical condition found in humans
A slipped disc. IVDD is a breakdown in the cushioning between vertebrae.
96
True or False: The GI tract impacts the CNS
True. The guy microbiome is a metabolic and endocrine system with neuronal tracts that feedback into the central nervous system via the vagus nerve, humoral immune system and HPA Axis Source: Medical Evaluation of Behavior Patients, Lore Haug, DVM
97
Which two colors would a dog most likely have the most trouble discriminating from each other? A) Blue and Red B) Blue and Green C) Yellow and Red D) Green and Purple
C) Yellow and Red Red appears yellow to dogs Source: Dog Health & Nutrition by Chris Zink, DVM
98
Which is more common in dogs - **hypo**thyroidism or **hyper**thyroidism?
**Hypo**thyroidism - under production of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is very rare in dogs, though more common in cats.

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