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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is important for accurate venipuncture?

A

Understanding of anatomy and physiology of the skin and venous system, familiarization with the physiological response of veins to heat, cold, and stress, and knowledge of skin thickness and consistency at various sites.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Covers the outer surface of the body, protects against invasion by microorganisms, regulates temperature, receives sensations of heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure, and produces secretions to lubricate the skin and sweat.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous tissue
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4
Q

What is the vascular system?

A

The system of blood vessels that, along with the heart, forms a closed loop through which blood is circulated to all parts of the body.

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5
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Brings oxygenated blood to tissues; bright red in color (arterial blood), thick-walled, pulsate, and exhibit peripheral resistance.

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6
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood to the heart; dark red in color (venous blood), superficial, thin-walled, compliant, and absence of pulse (low blood pressure).

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7
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny microscopic vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing only one blood cell to pass through at a time and permitting exchange of gases and molecules between blood and surrounding tissue.

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8
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

The outer layer of the vessel made of connective tissue, containing arteries and veins supplying blood to the vessel wall, and functions to support and protect the blood vessels.

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9
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle layer of the vessel made up of smooth muscle tissue and some elastic fibers, contains nerve endings and muscle fibers, and is responsible for vasoconstrictive response.

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10
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

The inner layer of the vessel made of one layer of endothelial cells, no nerve endings, and provides a surface for platelet aggregation and recognition of foreign objects.

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11
Q

Where is the antecubital fossa located?

A

The shallow depression in the arm that is anterior to and below the bend of the elbow, the first choice location for venipuncture.

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12
Q

What is the H-pattern antecubital vein?

A

Includes the median cubital vein (first choice), cephalic vein (second choice), and basilic vein (last choice) for venipuncture.

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13
Q

What is the median cubital vein?

A

Located near the center of the antecubital area, first choice for venipuncture, easiest and least painful to puncture.

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14
Q

What is the cephalic vein?

A

Located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area, second choice for venipuncture, often harder to palpate but well-anchored.

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15
Q

What is the basilic vein?

A

Large vein located on the medial aspect of the antecubital area, last choice for venipuncture, tends to be more painful and bruises easily.

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16
Q

What are the veins of the upper extremities?

A

Include the median vein (first choice), median cephalic vein (second choice), and median basilic vein (last choice) for venipuncture.

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17
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Liquid portion – plasma
  • Cellular portion (formed elements): erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
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18
Q

What are erythrocytes (RBCs)?

A

The most numerous cells in the blood, carrying oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.

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19
Q

What are leukocytes (WBCs)?

A

Average adult has 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter, functions to neutralize or destroy pathogens (phagocytosis), divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.

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20
Q

What are thrombocytes (platelets)?

A

The smallest formed elements in blood, average adult has 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter, essential for coagulation.

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21
Q

What is the ABO blood group system?

A

Based on the presence or absence of RBC antigens: A (A antigen, Anti-B antibody), B (B antigen, Anti-A antibody), AB (A & B antigens, no antibodies), O (no antigens, Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies).

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22
Q

What is the Rh blood group system?

A

Based on the presence or absence of the D antigen (Rh factor); Rh positive (Rh+) has the D antigen, Rh negative (Rh-) lacks the D antigen.

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Why is understanding anatomy and physiology important in venipuncture?

A

It is important for accurate venipuncture to understand the anatomy and physiology of the skin and venous system

This includes the physiological response of veins to heat, cold, and stress, and knowledge of skin thickness and consistency at various sites.

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1
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25
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
* Covers the outer surface of the body * Protects against invasion by microorganisms * Regulates temperature * Receives sensations of heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure * Produces secretions to lubricate the skin and sweat to keep the body cool
26
Name the three layers of the skin.
* Epidermis * Dermis * Subcutaneous tissue
27
What is the vascular system?
The system of blood vessels that, along with the heart, forms a closed loop for blood circulation to all parts of the body.
28
What is the function of arteries?
To bring oxygenated blood to tissues; bright red in color, thick-walled, and pulsate due to peripheral resistance.
29
What characterizes veins?
Veins bring deoxygenated blood to the heart; dark red in color, superficial, thin-walled, compliant, and have an absence of pulse.
30
List the veins of choice for venipuncture.
* Basilic * Cephalic * Median cubital
31
What are capillaries?
Tiny microscopic vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing the exchange of gases and molecules between blood and surrounding tissue.
32
What is the tunica adventitia?
The outer layer of a blood vessel, made of connective tissue, supporting and protecting the blood vessels.
33
What is the tunica media?
The middle layer of a blood vessel, made up of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibers, controlling blood vessel diameter.
34
What is the tunica intima?
The inner layer of a blood vessel, comprised of a single layer of endothelial cells, providing a slick surface for blood flow.
35
Where is the antecubital fossa located?
It is the shallow depression in the arm that is anterior to and below the bend of the elbow, the first choice location for venipuncture.
36
What is the first choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Median cubital vein, typically larger, closer to the surface, better anchored, and less likely to bruise.
37
What is the second choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Cephalic vein, located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area, often harder to palpate.
38
What is the last choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Basilic vein, easy to palpate but not well-anchored, and tends to be more painful.
39
Name the veins in the M-pattern for venipuncture.
* Median vein (Intermediate antebrachial vein) * Median cephalic vein * Median basilic vein
40
What is the function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
41
What is the average number of leukocytes (WBCs) in an adult?
5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter.
42
What are the two types of leukocytes?
* Granulocytes * Agranulocytes
43
What is the role of thrombocytes (platelets)?
Essential to coagulation.
44
What is the ABO blood group system?
* Blood Type A: RBC Antigen A, Plasma Antibodies Anti-B * Blood Type B: RBC Antigen B, Plasma Antibodies Anti-A * Blood Type AB: RBC Antigens A & B, Plasma Antibodies Neither * Blood Type O: RBC Antigens Neither, Plasma Antibodies Anti-A & Anti-B
45
What characterizes the Rh blood group system?
Based on the presence or absence of the D antigen; Rh positive has the D antigen, Rh negative lacks it.
46
Why is understanding anatomy and physiology important in venipuncture?
It is important for accurate venipuncture to understand the anatomy and physiology of the skin and venous system ## Footnote This includes the physiological response of veins to heat, cold, and stress, and knowledge of skin thickness and consistency at various sites.
47
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
* Covers the outer surface of the body * Protects against invasion by microorganisms * Regulates temperature * Receives sensations of heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure * Produces secretions to lubricate the skin and sweat to keep the body cool
48
Name the three layers of the skin.
* Epidermis * Dermis * Subcutaneous tissue
49
What is the vascular system?
The system of blood vessels that, along with the heart, forms a closed loop for blood circulation to all parts of the body.
50
What is the function of arteries?
To bring oxygenated blood to tissues; bright red in color, thick-walled, and pulsate due to peripheral resistance.
51
What characterizes veins?
Veins bring deoxygenated blood to the heart; dark red in color, superficial, thin-walled, compliant, and have an absence of pulse.
52
List the veins of choice for venipuncture.
* Basilic * Cephalic * Median cubital
53
What are capillaries?
Tiny microscopic vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing the exchange of gases and molecules between blood and surrounding tissue.
54
What is the tunica adventitia?
The outer layer of a blood vessel, made of connective tissue, supporting and protecting the blood vessels.
55
What is the tunica media?
The middle layer of a blood vessel, made up of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibers, controlling blood vessel diameter.
56
What is the tunica intima?
The inner layer of a blood vessel, comprised of a single layer of endothelial cells, providing a slick surface for blood flow.
57
Where is the antecubital fossa located?
It is the shallow depression in the arm that is anterior to and below the bend of the elbow, the first choice location for venipuncture.
58
What is the first choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Median cubital vein, typically larger, closer to the surface, better anchored, and less likely to bruise.
59
What is the second choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Cephalic vein, located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area, often harder to palpate.
60
What is the last choice vein for venipuncture in the H-pattern?
Basilic vein, easy to palpate but not well-anchored, and tends to be more painful.
61
Name the veins in the M-pattern for venipuncture.
* Median vein (Intermediate antebrachial vein) * Median cephalic vein * Median basilic vein
62
What is the function of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
63
What is the average number of leukocytes (WBCs) in an adult?
5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter.
64
What are the two types of leukocytes?
* Granulocytes * Agranulocytes
65
What is the role of thrombocytes (platelets)?
Essential to coagulation.
66
What is the ABO blood group system?
* Blood Type A: RBC Antigen A, Plasma Antibodies Anti-B * Blood Type B: RBC Antigen B, Plasma Antibodies Anti-A * Blood Type AB: RBC Antigens A & B, Plasma Antibodies Neither * Blood Type O: RBC Antigens Neither, Plasma Antibodies Anti-A & Anti-B
67
What characterizes the Rh blood group system?
Based on the presence or absence of the D antigen; Rh positive has the D antigen, Rh negative lacks it.

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