Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Muscles level 3 Anatomy > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(103 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Heart valves damaged by infection or wear and tear.

Causes them to stiffen and narrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the left coronary arteries

A

Left anterior descending artery

Left circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the right coronary arteries

A

Right circumflex artery

Posterior descending artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the normal healthy range for heart rate?

A

60-80bpm

but could be 35-50bpm for athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal healthy range for stroke volume?

A

70-80ml

But could be 100ml+ for athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which mineral is laid down in atheroma deposits?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is myocardial ischaemia?

A

Angina - could lead to heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the optimal range for blood pressure?

A

(90-120)/(60-80)

> 140 systolic is high
90 diastolic is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What effect do beta blockers have on HR and BP?

A

Decrease HR

Decrease BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What effect do vasodilators have on HR and BP?

A

Increase HR

Decrease BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect do alpha blockers have?

A

Relax peripheral blood vessels

Do not affect HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can diuretics lead to dysrrythmias?

A

Cause electrolyte imbalances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do nitrates affect HR and BP?

A

Increase RHR

Decrease RBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effect do Ca channel blockers have on HR during exercise?

A

Increase HR during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do ACE inhibitors affect BP?

A

Decrease BP at rest and during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do bronchodilators affect HR?

A

Increase HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do decongestants affect BP?

A

Increase BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effects do antihistamines have?

A

Dry airways and cause drowsiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the valsalva effect?

A

Forced exhalation with a closed airway

Causes fluctuations in HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What % of the oxygen in the coronary arteries does the heart use at rest?

A

70-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the structure of parallel/fusiform muscles

A

Fascicles parallel to long axis.

Flat bands with broad attachments (aponeuroses) at end.

Plump/cylindrical

Shorten by 30% and get wider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the structure of convergent muscles

A

Spread out over area by convergent attachment site

Pull on: aponeuroses, tendons or raphe (band collagen)

One portion stimulated can change direction of pull

Less pull than fusiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure of (uni) pennate muscles

A

Fascicles form a common angle with tendon

Pull at an angle

More tension/ more fibres

Pull less distance

Unipennate if all fibres on same side of tendon
Bipennare if both side
Multipennate if tendon branches within muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long do slow twitch (type 1) muscle fibres take to maximum contraction?

A

40-50ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How long do fast twitch (IIb) take to reach maximum contraction?
5ms
26
List some adaptations that occur during hypertrophy
Type IIa to be more like IIb More myofibrils More myosin/actin - new myofilaments Increase in diameter Recruit more type I motor units
27
What is the hyperplasia theory?
Alternative to hypertrophy - muscle fibres split to make more fibres
28
Describe dense connective tissue
Regular DRCT - smooth, white, flexible, tensile strength in one direction. Made of collagen fibres Also irregular DICT
29
What does the epimysium of muscle fuse with at the tendon?
Periosteum of bone
30
Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage
Tough smooth and thin Blue-white in colour Bone ends to form joints Slippery when lubricanted
31
Describe the structure of elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline More fibres More elastin than collagen Elastic (Ear/Eustachian tube and epiglottis)
32
Describe the structure of fibrocartilage
Thicker, stronger Less common Various shapes Shock absorber (Meniscus in knee between discs)
33
Describe the structure of a ligament
Tough, white, non elastic Prolonged tension causes damage Bone to bone attachment
34
What is a motor unit?
One motor nerve and all the muscle fibres it stimulates
35
Which has the largest number of fibres per motor unit - slow twitch or fast twitch?
Fast twitch
36
Which pelvic bone bears most of the weight when sitting?
Ischium
37
How many ligaments are there in each hip ball/socket joint?
7 thick, short, strong ligaments per joint
38
How many muscular sheets make up the pelvic floor?
2- pelvic diaphragm (deeper) urogenital diaphragm (superficial)
39
Superficial transverses perinea - Origin, insertion and use?
O: ischium I: central tendon Use: supports pelvis - viscera/organs
40
Bulbospongiosus Origin, insertion and use?
O: central tendon I: males - penis Females - root of clitoris Use- assists in emptying urethra in males Contracts vagina
41
Ischiocaveronus Origin, insertion and use?
O: ischium I: pubic arch Use: assists bulbospongiosus
42
Levator ani Origin, insertion and use?
O: pubis and ischium I: coccyx Use: supports organs Sphincter action in anal canal and vagina
43
What is the concentration of testosterone in males and females?
Males 10-30pg/ml Females 0.3-2.2pg/ml
44
What are local and global muscles for?
Local - stabilising Global - movement
45
What problems can females have with respect to hip dysfunction?
IT band syndrome Femoral anteversion Pronation at knees Overpronation of foot Anterior pelvic tilt Lengthening is abdominal wall
46
What effect can the wearing of high heels have?
Shorten gastrocnemius and soleus Knee hyperextension Tightening of lumbar erectors and hip flexors Shorter muscles at back of the neck
47
Which joints are multi-axial (3 planes)?
Shoulder (glenohumeral) Hip Both ball/socket
48
Which joints are bi-axial (2 planes)?
Condyloid (ellipsoid) - Wrist Metacarpophalangeal Metatarsophalangeal Radiocarpal Saddle - 1st metacarpophalangeal
49
Which joints are unidirectional (one plane)?
``` Hinge- Elbow Interphalangeal Knee Talocrual (ankle) ``` Pivot- Radioulnar Atlantoaxial Gliding - Tarsals Talocalceneal (subtalar)
50
Which is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?
Tibia
51
Describe the role of the meniscus in the knee.
To absorb shock and wear/tear. Extra cartilage
52
Name the knee joint ligaments.
Medial collateral ligament. Lateral collateral ligament. Posterior cruciate ligament. Anterior cruciate ligament.
53
Name the joints in the shoulder.
Sternoclavicular (saddle) Acromioclavicular (gliding) Glenohumeral (ball/socket)
54
On which side of the femur is the lesser trochanter?
Medial
55
What are condyles?
Knuckle-like processes (bone)
56
How long is the spine?
70cm - 33 vertebrae long
57
What type of bones are the 7 tarsals?
Cuboid
58
How many bones are there in the hand?
27 small bones 8 cuboid bones
59
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Nerves compressed, causes pain/numbness in thumb, index and middle fingers /ring finger
60
Describe the sacrum.
Consists of 5 fibrous, fused and immovable joints.
61
What do the facet joints do?
Gliding joints on either side which connect adjacent vertebrae.
62
Which spinal ligaments are weaker - posterior or anterior?
Posterior
63
Name the deep/local muscles
``` Transverse abdominus multifidus Internal obliques Quadratus lumborum Pelvic floor Diaphragm ```
64
Which muscles co-contract before limb movement?
Transverse abdominal and multifidus
65
Name the superficial/global core muscles?
``` Rectus abdominus Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longuissimus, spinalis) ```
66
What does isometric mean?
Contraction - no movement
67
Which abnormal posture has too much pelvic forward tilt?
Lordosis
68
What needs correcting in pelvis crossed syndrome? Lordosis
Lumbar erector spinae and hip flexors need lengthening/stretch Abs TA/RA, external/internal obliques and gluteus max need strengthening Hamstrings maybe overactive And stretch QL, MF
69
How do we correct a kyphotic posture?
Stretch - pecs, neck flexors, RA Strengthen - mid/low traps, thoracic ES, look at RC
70
How long do we hold a static stretch for?
10-30s 15-30s if developmental
71
Which reflex does PNF stretching stimulate?
Inverse stretch reflex - Golgi tendon organs
72
Which branch of the peripheral nervous system is under conscious control?
Somatic
73
Which neurotransmitter is released when the parasympathetic nervous system is active?
Acetylcholine
74
Name four receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.
Alpha 1/2 | Beta 1/2
75
What does the force of a muscular contraction depend upon?
Frequency of impulses No. of units recruited
76
What do joint receptors do?
Give feedback on joint angle
77
Which muscle fibres require a large stimulus for activation?
Fast twitch
78
Name the six motor skills
``` Reaction time Balance Co-ordination Spatial awareness Speed Agility ```
79
What is agility?
The ability to rapidly change body position and direction in a precise manner.
80
What are the long-term adaptations of the nervous system?
New neural connections made New neurones grown Frequency of nerve impulses speeds up - improves synchronicity/more force
81
Name the two types of hormones
Peptide | Steroid
82
Why is the pituitary a special endocrine gland?
Lots of hormones are tropic - control other glands/hormones
83
What does leptin do?
Released from fat cells and reduces appetite and increases energy expenditure
84
What is normal blood sugar concentration?
90mg/100ml
85
Where do we get PCr from?
Internal production by liver/kidneys From meat
86
What does lactate do to blood pH?
Acidosis produces hydrogen ions - lactate acts as a buffer
87
Average BMR?
70kCal/hr
88
How much can cardiac output increase by?
20l/min sedentary | 40l/min trained
89
How much can coronary blood flow increase by?
250 cubic cm/min to 1000 cubic cm/min
90
Which type of connective tissue is found in the: a) fascia b) tendons
a) dense irregular connective tissue | b) dense regular connective tissue
91
Explain the difference between regular and irregular collagen fibres.
Regular (tendon) - run in one direction and are good at withstanding forces in one direction. Not strong when twisted or subjected to lateral tissue. Irregular (skeletal muscle) - run in different directions and good at withstanding forces in different directions.
92
How many myosin heads in a single myofibril filament?
600+
93
How often do myosin heads attach and reattach to actin filaments?
5 times per second
94
Explain the role of calcium in the sliding filament theory (contraction cycle).
It reveals a binding site on the actin filament.
95
How many ATP molecules are used up every time a myosin head pivots and pulls on an actin filament?
One
96
Where is calcium stored?
Muscle cells being replenished from blood Also bone
97
Alternative names for slow twitch and fast twitch fibres?
Slow oxidative and ``` Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) - 11a Fast glycolytic (FG) - 11b ```
98
Which fibres have a lower firing threshold?
Type 1 - do not need a large stimulus to contract
99
Which fibres are thickest?
Type 11b
100
Which fibres produce the biggest force (tensile strength)?
Type 11
101
What happens during hypertrophy?
The number of myofibrils within a muscle fibre will increase. There is also synthesis of new actin and myosin. The new myofilaments are added to the outside of the myofibril giving it an increased diameter.
102
In which plane does horizontal flexion and extension occur?
Transverse plane
103
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial saddle joint

Muscles level 3 Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions