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GCSE PE > Anatomy & physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & physiology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Define Synovial Joint

A

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet

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2
Q

What is the role of Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone, restricting movement

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3
Q

What is the role of Cartilage

A

Prevents bones from rubbing together and causing friction

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4
Q

What is the role of Synovial Fluid

A

Lubricates the joints and stops bones rubbing together

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5
Q

What is the role of Tendons

A

Join muscle to bone

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6
Q

Name the four types of bones in the human body

A

Flat bones, long bones, short bones and irregular bones

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7
Q

Name and describe the functions of the skeleton

A

1) support ( for muscles and vital organs)
Without support the body won’t be able to move
2) protection ( for vital organs)
Protection is crucial for both performance and long term health, reducing chances of injury
3) Movement
Occurs at joints, movement to move is needed for all sports
4) shape and structure (maintaining basic form of body)
Without this we won’t be able to move
5) Blood cell production ( takes place in bone marrow)
6) storage of minerals (essential for all major body functions)
Linked to general health of performer which affects sporting performance

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8
Q

Name and describe the 6 movements possible at the shoulder

A

Flexion ~ decreasing the angle of bones at a joint
Extension ~ increasing the angle of bones at a joint
Circumduction ~ a comical movement of a limb in a ball and socket joint
Adduction ~ movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body
Abduction ~ movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body
Rotation ~ a circular movement around a joint

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9
Q

Name the muscles that produce movement at the shoulder

A

Deltoid, pectorals, trapezius, rotator cuff and latissimus dorsi

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10
Q

Name the muscles that produce movement at the elbow

A

Biceps and triceps

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11
Q

Name the muscles that produce movement at the hip

A

Gluteals and hip flexors

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12
Q

Name the muscles that produce movement at the knee

A

Quadriceps and triceps

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13
Q

Name the muscles that produce movement at the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

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14
Q

Define prime mover

A

The muscle that contracts to create movement

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15
Q

Define Antagonist

A

the muscle that relaxes to allow a movement to take place

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16
Q

Define isotonic contractions

A

A muscle contraction when the muscle changes length. Can be eccentric or concentric

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17
Q

Define isometric

A

A muscle contraction when the length of the muscle does not change length when it contracts.

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18
Q

Define concentric and eccentric

A

Concentric is when the muscle shortens

Eccentric is when the muscle lengthens

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19
Q

List adaptations of the alveoli that aid rapid gaseous exchange

A 
~ one cell thick 
~ short diffusion pathway 
~ moist cell wall 
~ large surface area
~ capillary network surrounds alveoli
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20
Q

Define residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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21
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times your heart beats in one minute. Measured in bpm/ beats per minute

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22
Q

What are the four main sections in the heart

A

~ right ventricle
~ left ventricle
~ right atrium
~ left atrium

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23
Q

Define arteries

A

Muscular ward tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the working tissues

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24
Q

Define capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels which provide the site for gas exchange with the respiratory system

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25
Define veins
Thin tubes that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
26
Define gaseous exchange
The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system
27
Define prime mover
Another name for the agonist muscle
28
Define fixator muscle
The muscle which stabilises the attachment of the agonist in order to assist with movement
29
Define isotonic eccentric contraction
The process of force production in the muscle where the length of the muscle increases
30
Define agonist muscle
The muscle which contracts and shortens in order to cause a movement in a joint
31
Define Antagonist muscle
The muscle which relaxes and lengthens to enable movement at a joint
32
Define isotonic concentric contraction
The process of force production in the muscle where the length of the muscle decreases
33
Define isometric contraction
The process of force production in the muscle where the length of the muscle does not change
34
Define trachea
The windpipe which allows air to pass down the throat and into the lungs
35
Define bronchi
The two branches at the end of the trachea which enter into the lungs
36
Define bronchioles
The many divisions of the bronchi which lead to the alveoli
37
Define alveoli
The last structure in the pathway of air which allows gas to be exchanged between the respiratory and vascular systems
38
Define bursae
A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bones
39
Define flexion
A type of movement where the angle between two bones is reduced
40
Define extension
A type of movement where the angle between two bones is increased
41
Define abduction
A Type of movement where a limb is moved away from the midline of the body
42
Define adduction
A Type of movement where a limb is moved towards the midline of the body
43
Define rotation
A type of movement that can occur at a ball and socket joint and involves circular motion of the limb
44
Define plantarflexion
Angle is reduced eg: standing on toes
45
Define dorsiflexion
Angle is increased eg: pointing the toes upwards
46
Define tidal volume
The amount of air breathed in and out during inspiration and expiration
47
Define expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air left in the lungs following normal expiration
48
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be taken into the lungs following normal inspiration
49
Define residual volume
The volume of air in the lungs after maximal expiration
50
Define vital capacity
The maximal amount of expiration that can occur after maximal inspiration
51
Define valve
A structure that prevents backflow of blood when under low pressure
51
Define vasoconstriction
The process by which the blood vessels become narrower in order to reduce the blood flow to the tissues that they supply
52
Define vasodilation
The process by which the blood vessels become wider in order to increase the blood flow to the tissues that they supply
53
Define Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart
54
Define ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart
55
Define pulmonary artery
The artery which transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
56
Define pulmonary vein
The artery which transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
57
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
58
Define stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heart beat
59
Define Heart rate
The number of heart beats that occur in a minute
60
Define aerobic exercise
Any form of low to moderate intensity exercise where the energy demands can be met by the amount of oxygen taken in
61
Define anaerobic exercise
Any form of high intensity exercise where the energy demands cannot be met by the amount of oxygen taken in and lactic acid is produced
62
Define by - product
A substance which is not the primary outcome of a chemical reaction and has no beneficial use
63
Define EPOC
An increase amount of oxygen which must be taken in, in order to make up for the oxygen debt
64
Define hydration
The process of consuming fluid in order to avoid dehydration
65
Define simple carbohydrates
A food source which can be broken down rapidly and provide energy for exercise
66
Define DOMS
An acronym which stands for delayed onset of muscle soreness

GCSE PE (3 decks)

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