Anatomy, Physiology And Neuroanatomy

Question 0

What is the space between neurons in which information is passed?

Answer 0

Synapses

Question 1

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 1

The neurons.

Question 2

The neuron is a single cell body from which a variable number of branching processes emerge. What are these called and what is their function?

Answer 2

Dendrites.

They generally receive messages.

Question 3

What is the function of an axon?

Answer 3

The axon carries away information from the cell body of the neuron.

Question 4

What is the resting membrane potential across the membrane neuron?

Answer 4

60 - 70 millivolts.

Question 5

And what way does transmission of information between neurons almost always occur?

Answer 5

Transmission of information is almost always chemical rather than electrical.

Question 6

Other than Neurons what other type of cell composes the other major cellular component of the nervous system?

Answer 6

Neuroglia / glia cells

Question 7

What three main types of neuroglia are recognized?

Answer 7

1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. Microglia

Question 8

What is he function of Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 8

They form the myelin sheath which surrounds many neural axons.

Question 9

What is the function of Astrocytes?

Answer 9

They form a selectively permeable barrier between the circulatory system and neuron of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 10

What is the function of Microglia?

Answer 10

They play a phagocytic role in response to damage within the nervous system.

Question 11

What type of neural cell forms the protective blood-brain barrier?

Answer 11

Astrocytes

Question 12

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 12

Central nervous system (CNS) and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 13

The CNS is composed of what?

Answer 13

The brain, spinal cord, and the majority of nerve cell bodies and synaptic connections.

Question 14

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 14

Nerves joined to the brain, spinal cord, and their other ramifications within the body.

Question 15

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 15

The system that detects and controls change within the body.

Question 16

Where is the autonomic nervous system located?

Answer 16

It’s components are found throughout the CNS and PNS.

Question 17

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 17

1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

Question 18

What are afferent neurons?

Answer 18

They carry information from peripheral receptors to the CNS.

Question 19

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 19

They are that carry information which will reach a conscious level.

Question 20

What are efferent neurons?

Answer 20

They carry away impulses from the CNS.

Question 21

What are the areas of the brain that are enriched with nerve cell bodies?

Answer 21

Grey matter

Question 22

What are the regions of the brain that are primarily composed of nerve processes that are often myelinated called?

Answer 22

White matter

Question 23

During embryonic development what cell layer give rise to the nervous system?

Answer 23

The ectoderm

Question 24

During embryonic development what does the mesoderm form?

Answer 24

Skeletal, muscle and connective tissue.

Question 25

In regards the the nervous system, what happens during the third week of embryonic development?

Answer 25

The dorsal midline of the ectoderm undergoes thickening to form the neural plate. The lateral margins of the neural plate become elevated, forming the neural folds and along the midline depression the neural groove forms. The neural folds fuse together forming the neural tube.

Question 26

During the 5th week of embryonic development what three primary brain vesicles can be distinguished?

Answer 26

1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 27

During embryoni development when does the first bend occur in the developing CNS?

Answer 27

The first bend occurs in the 5th week in between the mid rain nd forebrain.

Question 28

During the 7th week of embryonic development what further differentiation occurs during neural development?

Answer 28

The prosencephalon develops into the telencephalon and diencephalon. The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon and myelecephalon.

Question 29

During embryonic development the telencephalon gives rise to what structure in the mature brain?

Answer 29

The cerebral hemispheres.

Question 30

During embryonic development the diencephalon gives rise to what structure in the mature brain?

Answer 30

The Thalamus.

Question 31

During embryonic development the mesencephalon gives rise to what structure in the mature brain?

Answer 31

The Midbrain.

Question 32

During embryonic development the metencephalon gives rise to what structure in the mature brain?

Answer 32

The Pons and Cerebellum.

Question 33

During embryonic development the myelecephalon gives rise to what structure in the mature brain?

Answer 33

The Medulla Oblongata.

Question 34

What structures surround the brain?

Answer 34

The skull and the 3 meninges.

Question 35

Name and discribe the layers that surround the brain.

Answer 35

The outer most layer is called the dura matter. It is a tough fibrous coat that surrounds the brain like a loose fitting bag. The dura is separated from the next meninge by the subdural space. The middle layer is called the arachnoid mater. It is a translucent, collagenous membrane that loosely surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is separated from the next meninge by the subarachnoid space though which the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) circulates. The inner most layer is called the pia mater. It is a delicate membrane of microscopic thickness that is firmly adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 36

Define anastomose.

Answer 36

It is when two structures split and then rejoin together.

Question 37

What arteries supply the brain with blood?

Answer 37

The internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

Question 38

Which two arteries anastomose to form the circle of Willis?

Answer 38

The cardioid and vertebral arteries.

Question 39

What is the most significant intracranial artery?

Answer 39

The middle meningeal artery.

Question 40

Where is the spinal cord located?

Answer 40

Within the vertebral canal of the spinal column.

Question 41

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 41

31 pairs.

Question 42

Discribe the function of the spinal cord.

Answer 42

It receives information from and controls the trunk and limbs of the body.

Question 43

In psychophysics what does the term threshold refer to?

Answer 43

The amount of stimulus that is needed for the sensory system to elicit a behavior response.

Question 44

What factors affect perception and sensitivity to a stimulus?

Answer 44

1. Prior stimulation can decrease the sensitivity to a sensory system because of ADAPTATION or FATIGUE. 2. Simultaneous presentation of stimuli can also increase the threshold to stimulation known as MASKING. 3. Threshold of detection decreases as the duration of the stimulus is increased- known as TEMPORAL INTEGRATION. 4. stimulation of a large number of receptors may decrease the threshold because of SPATIAL INTEGRATION. 5. Faint stimuli detection depends on CRITERIA FOR DETECTION and HOW and WHERE the stimulus is measured.

Question 45

The dependence of the threshold of sensory systems on prior stimulation is known as what?

Answer 45

adaptation

Question 46

What is the body's most complex bony structure?

Answer 46

Skull

Question 47

How many bones does the skull contain?

Answer 47

22

Question 48

Name the 4 major sutures of the skull.

Answer 48

1. Coronal 2. Sagittal 3. Squamous 4. Lambdoid