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Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 > Anatomy & Physiology CH. 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of the human body is

A

Cell

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2
Q

The smallest living unit within the human body is

A

The cell

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3
Q

The study of the structure of individual cells is called

A

Cytology

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4
Q

Types of cells in the human body

A

Sex cells: -Sperm(male)
-Oocyte(female)
Somatic cells: all other cells

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5
Q

The fluid medium inside the cell is called

A

The cytoplasm (15-30% of the weight of the cell)

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid part within the cytoplasm
Consistence: Maple syrup or Gel
Distributed materials by DIFFUSION

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7
Q

Organelles

A

Internal structure that perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning normally.

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8
Q

The watery medium that surrounds a cell is called

A

Extra cellular fluid

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9
Q

The principle cations in our body fluids are __ and __

A

Potassium (higher concentration)

Sodium (lower concentration)

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10
Q

Where do we find a higher concentration of proteins?

A

In the intracellular fluid.

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11
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A

Considered a transport medium only

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12
Q

Two other name for cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane

Cell wall?

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13
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A
  • Physical Isolation
  • Regulation of exchange with the environment (entrance/exit)
  • Sensitivity to the environment
  • Structural support
  • Protection
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14
Q

Membranous organelles

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (RER, SER)
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Peroxisome
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
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15
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Centrioles
  • Ribosomes
  • Proteasomes
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16
Q

Osmosis

A

It is the diffusion of water across the membrane in response to difference in solute concentration.
Water moves from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

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17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport)

A
  • Essential nutrients (glucose and amino acids are insoluble lipids) are too large to fit through membrane channels. They are passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins.
  • The molecule to be transported must first bind to a receptor site on the carrier protein.
  • THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEINS CHANGES MOVING THE MOLECULE ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.
  • THE MOLECULE IS RELEASED INTO THE CYTOPLASM
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18
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A
  • Requires INTEGRAL PROTEINS that bind specific IONS OR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
    • Cary them across the cell membrane
  • Can be Passive or Active
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19
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Hypo means below
- Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell
- The water will flow into the Cell
- The cell may rupture releasing its contents
- WE call this HEMOLYSIS
example: HEMO = BLOOD + LYSIS = DISSOLUTION
-A solution that contains Lower Osmotic Pressure than the Cytoplasm
of the Cell

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20
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Solute concentration is higher than inside the cell
    • Movement of water out of the Cell. The Cell will lose water
    • When the Red Blood cell Shrinks (DEHYDRATION )
    • This process is known as CRENATION
    • A solution that contains higher Osmotic Pressure than the Cytoplasm of the Cell
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21
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Iso means Equal

  • Fluid around the cells is usually Isotonic
  • Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell
  • No movement of water into or out of the cell
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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

It is the movement into the Cell(Active process)
3 FORMS-Receptor mediated
-Pinocytosis
-Phagocytosis

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

It is the ejection of material from the Cytoplasm
Example:
- Mucins
- Hormones or
- Waste products
-It is a method found in cells , lining capillaries which use a combination of Pinocytosis and Exoxytosis to transfer Fluid and Solutes from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues

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24
Q

Types of vesicular transport

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Exocytosis

- Endocytosis

25
Pinocytosis
- Formation of Endosomes filled with Extra Cellular Fluid | - No receptor proteins
26
Mitosis
- IS THE PROCESS THAT SEPARATES THE DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES OF A CELL INTO TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI -IT REFERS TO THE DIVISION AND DUPLICATION OF THE CELL’S NUCLEUS
27
Meiosis
Production of sex cells
28
Diffusion
``` It is the random movement of Ions and Molecules FROM : Areas of HIGHER concentration TO: Areas of LOWER concentration Until the gradient is eliminated It is Passive ```
29
Cytoskeleton
Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes: mocrofilament and microtubule Function: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials
30
Microvilli
Membrane extensions containing microfilaments Function: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
31
Cilia
Membrane extension containing microtubules Function: movement of material across cell surface
32
Centriole
Cytoplasm contains 2 centrioles Each centriole composed of 9 microtubules Function: organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton, essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division, form the mitosis spindle during cell division.
33
Ribosomes
RNA + protein Two types: Fixed: bound to RER Free: scattered in cytoplasm Function: protein synthesis
34
Proteasomes
Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes Function: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins. Disposal of damaged proteins
35
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm Function: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
36
RER
With ribosomes bound to membranes Function: modification and packing of new synthesized proteins
37
SER
Without ribosomes Function: synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
38
Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flattened membranes, chambers Function: storage and modification of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.
39
Lysosomes
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes Function: intracellular removal of damages pathogens and organelles
40
Peroxisomes
Vesicles contains degradative enzymes Produced by subdivision of existing peroxisomes Function: break down fatty acids and other organic compounds, generate hydrogen peroxide, neutralization of toxic compounds during catabolism.
41
Mitochondria
Double membrane with an inner fold (cristae) containing metabolic enzymes . - The crista increases the surface area exposed to the fluid content (Matrix) - Enzymes inside the matrix catalyze reactions to provide energy. Function: To produce ATP (95 %) of the total required by the Cell Cells with Large # of mitochondria have a high energy demand
42
Nucleus
Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope. Largest structure int he cell Only organelle visible under microscope Most cells have single nucleus Function: control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic info; controls of protein synthesis
43
All animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair of ___ . The centrioles consist of short microtubules. During the cell division the centrioles form the spindle apparatus associated with the movement of ___ .
Centrioles, DNA strands
44
Crenation
Cellular shrinkage due to an osmotic movement of water out of the cytoplasm HYPERTONIC SOLUTION - Solute concentration is higher than inside the cell - Movement of water out of the Cell. The Cell will lose water - When the Red Blood cell Shrinks (DEHYDRATION ) - This process is known as CRENATION
45
Hemolysis
The breakdown of red blood cells HYPOTONIC SOLUTION - Hypo means below - Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell - The water will flow into the Cell - The cell may rupture releasing its contents - WE call this HEMOLYSIS example: HEMO = BLOOD + LYSIS = DISSOLUTION
46
Interphase
THE CELL PERFORMS ALL ITS NORMAL FUNCTIONS IT PREPARES FOR CELL DIVISION - THE CELL EXPEND THE MAJORITY OF THEIR LIVES IN INTERPHASE - DUPLICATION OF ORGANELLES - PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - COPY OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE NUCLEUS
47
Apoptosis
IS THE GENETICALLY CONTROLLED DEATH OF THE CELLS
48
Mitosis is to somatic cell as meiosis is to _____
Sex cells
49
Cytokinesis
DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM TO FORM | TWO IDENTICAL DAUGTER CELLS
50
Prophase
THE CHROMOSOMES ARE VISIBLE (2 COPIES OF EACH CHROMOSOMES) OR CHROMATIDS ● THE NUCLEOLI DISAPPEAR (PROMETAPHASE) ● THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISSAPEARS ● THE SPINDLE FIBERS APPEAR
51
Metaphase
IT BEGINS WHEN THE CHROMATIDS MOVE TO A NARROW ZONE CALLED THE METAPHASE PLATE ●IT ENDS WHEN THE CHROMATIDS ARE ALIGNED IN THE PLANE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE
52
Anaphase
●IT BEGINS WHEN THE CENTROMERE OF EACH CHROMATID SPLITS AND THE CHROMATID SEPARATES ●2 DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES TO THE OPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELLS ALONG THE CHROMOSOMAL MICROTUBULES ●IT ENDS WHEN THE DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES ARRIVE NEAR THE CENTRIOLES AT OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL
53
Telophase
●EACH CELL PREPARES TO RETURN TO THE INTERPHASE STATE ●THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANES REAPPEARS ●THE CHROMOSOMES UNCOIL ●THE CHROMOSOMES RELAX, THE NUCLEOLI REAPPEARS & THE NUCLEI RESEMBLES THOSE OF INTERPHASE ●THIS IS THE END OF THE MITOSIS
54
Phagocytosis
CELL EATING or (PSEUDOPODIA) - It is the cell eating mechanism - It surrounds the object & their membrane fuse to form a vesicle - It is performed by specialized cells Ex : MACROPHAGES
55
Vesicular Transport
Active process cause requires energy in form of ATP Also known as bulk transport Materials move into or out of the cell in vesicles 2 types: endocytosis, exocytosis
56
CHROMATIN
ARE THE CHROMOSOMES IN NON DIVIDING | CELL ( IT IS A TANGLE OF FILAMENTS)
57
MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES
ACCOUNT FOR 3% OF THE WEIGHT OF A PLASMA MEMBRANE
58
Glycocalyx
Functions: Lubrication and protection Anchoring and locomotion Recognition
59
Membrane Proteins
Functions: ANCHORING PROT- Attach the membrane to other structures . - Stabilize its position RECOGNITION PROT - Example: Glycoproteins ENZYMES - Integral or Peripheral proteins - They catalyze reactions, example: peptides to aminoacids RECEPTOR PROT- Sensitive to specific Ligands in Extra Cellular Fluid CARRIER PROT- They bind solutes & transport them across the cell membrane CHANNELS PROT- They are INTEGRAL Proteins with a pore or passageway (NA, K & CA Channels)

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 (3 decks)

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