Anatomy & physiology (Muscular and Skeletal system

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 1

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Question 2

What is the main function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 2

Movement of the skeleton and voluntary control.

Question 3

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 3

walls of the heart.

Question 4

What type of muscle is under voluntary control?

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle.

Question 5

What is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber?

Answer 5

sarcomere.

Question 6

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 6

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Question 7

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 7

Support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, and blood cell production.

Question 8

What are the four types of bones based on shape?

Answer 8

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

Question 9

What is the primary structural unit of compact bone?

Answer 9

osteon or Haversian system.

Question 10

What is the name of the cells responsible for bone formation?

Answer 10

Osteoblasts.

Question 11

What protein filaments are responsible for muscle contraction?

Answer 11

Actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament).

Question 12

Which cells break down bone tissue?

Answer 12

Osteoclasts.

Question 13

What is the role of osteocytes?

Answer 13

Maintaining the bone matrix and communicating with other bone cells.

Question 14

What is the outer covering of a bone called?

Answer 14

Periosteum.

Question 15

What is the name of the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 15

Medullary cavity.

Question 16

What type of bone tissue is found at the ends of long bones?

Answer 16

Spongy bone (trabecular bone).

Question 17

What is stored in the medullary cavity of adult long bones?

Answer 17

Yellow bone marrow (fat storage).

Question 18

What is the name of the cartilage covering the ends of long bones?

Answer 18

Articular cartilage.

Question 19

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

Answer 19

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles.

Question 20

What is the largest bone in the human body?

Answer 20

femur

Question 21

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

Answer 21

206 bones.

Question 22

What are the immovable joints between skull bones called?

Answer 22

Sutures.

Question 23

What mineral is most important for bone strength?

Answer 23

Calcium.

Question 24

What structure stores calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction?

Answer 24

Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 25

What is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction?

Answer 25

Acetylcholine.

Question 26

What is the connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle?

Answer 26

Epimysium.

Question 27

What is the name of the dense connective tissue that separates muscles into compartments?

Answer 27

Fascia.

Question 28

What is the term for the muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement?

Answer 28

Agonist

Question 29

What are antagonistic muscles?

Answer 29

Muscles that oppose the action of the agonist.

Question 30

A cord-like structure of dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Answer 30

Tendon.

Question 31

A soccer player falls and feels severe pain in their forearm. An X-ray shows a break in the radius. What type of fracture could this be, and what initial treatment might be necessary?

Answer 31

A fracture may be simple or compound, depending on whether the bone pierces the skin. Initial treatment involves immobilization with a splint or cast, and severe or misaligned fractures may require surgery.

Question 32

An elderly patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis after a minor fall leads to a fractured hip. What might have contributed to this condition?

Answer 32

Osteoporosis can result from age-related bone density loss, hormonal changes (especially post-menopause in women), inadequate calcium or vitamin D intake, and lack of physical activity.

Question 33

A child complains of knee pain during growth spurts and is diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter disease. Which part of the skeletal system is affected, and what causes the pain?

Answer 33

Osgood-Schlatter disease affects the tibial tuberosity, where the patellar tendon attaches to the tibia. Pain is caused by tension on the growth plate due to repetitive stress from physical activity.

Question 34

A patient is unable to fully rotate their shoulder after a sports injury. Which type of joint is affected, and what might be the cause?

Answer 34

The shoulder's ball-and-socket joint is affected. The cause could be a dislocation, rotator cuff injury, or inflammation of surrounding structures like the bursa or tendons.

Question 35

During a physical exam, a doctor notices scoliosis in a teenager. What does this mean, and how might it be treated?

Answer 35

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine. Treatment depends on severity and may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery in extreme cases.

Question 36

A runner experiences a sharp pain in the back of their thigh and is diagnosed with a hamstring strain. What might have caused this, and how is it treated?

Answer 36

A hamstring strain is caused by overstretching or tearing the muscle during activities like sprinting. Treatment includes rest, ice, compression, and gradual stretching and strengthening exercises.

Question 37

A construction worker reports chronic lower back pain. How might weak core muscles contribute to this issue?

Answer 37

Weak core muscles can lead to poor posture and uneven stress on the lower back, causing pain. Strengthening the core can help provide better support for the spine.

Question 38

After completing an intense workout, a person feels soreness in their muscles. What is this called, and what causes it?

Answer 38

This is called delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). It is caused by microtears in muscle fibers during eccentric contractions and the subsequent inflammatory response.

Question 39

A patient suffers from muscle cramps during a long-distance race. What might be the cause, and how can it be prevented?

Answer 39

Muscle cramps can result from dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (e.g., low potassium or sodium), or muscle fatigue. Prevention includes staying hydrated and ensuring proper nutrition before and during exercise.

Question 40

A person experiences weakness and difficulty lifting their arms after prolonged typing. What condition might this indicate, and what is a potential solution?

Answer 40

This might indicate repetitive strain injury (RSI) or a condition like rotator cuff tendinitis. Solutions include taking breaks, using ergonomic equipment, and strengthening the shoulder and arm muscles.