Anatomy & Physiology- Pure Basics

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

How the body is

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

What the body does

Question 3

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 3

Controls the passage of substances moving in & out the cell

Question 4

What does the ribosome do?

Answer 4

Synthesises proteins from amino acids using an RNA template

Question 5

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 5

Packages & stores synthesised proteins

Question 6

What does SER do?

Answer 6

Synthesises lipids & steroid hormones

Question 7

What does RER do?

Answer 7

Folds and packages proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus

Question 8

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 8

A process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells

Question 9

What are neuroglian cells?

Answer 9

They are cells that provide developmental, physiological, and metabolic support for neurons.

Question 10

What does cartilage do?

Answer 10

It absorbs shock and provides structural support

Question 11

Why is a RBC concave?

Answer 11

To increase the surface area for oxygen

Question 12

What shape is a cardiac cell and why?

Answer 12

It is striated (stretched) to allow contraction

Question 13

What do kidney tubule cells do?

Answer 13

They control water & salt excretion

Question 14

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

Answer 14

Connective, epithelial, muscle, & nervous

Question 15

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 15

Skeletal, smooth & cardiac

Question 16

What does epithelial tissue do?

Answer 16

Often line body cavities

Question 17

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 17

Binds, supports and protects

Question 18

What is apoptosis?

Answer 18

Cell suicide

Question 19

What is necrosis?

Answer 19

Cell damage/disease

Question 20

Which cells have the longest lifespan?

Answer 20

Muscle and nerve, closely followed by RBC

Question 21

Which cell was the shortest lifespan?

Answer 21

Gut epithelium, closely followed by platelets

Question 22

How does aging effects cells?

Answer 22

It slows down mitosis so cells that die aren’t always replaced. Apoptosis can also either stop (forming tumours), or increase ( causing diseases)

Question 23

What must be kept constant to protect a cell?

Answer 23

Oxygen & Carbon dioxide levels, chemical constitution, temperature and osmotic pressure

Question 24

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 24

They detect a pressure change in the artery walls

Question 25

What is the general rule for too high or too low?

Answer 25

Hypo = too low Hyper = too high

Question 26

What is negative feedback?

Answer 26

The response of the body is to reverse the original stimulus

Question 27

What is positive feedback?

Answer 27

The response of the body is to enhance the original stimulus

Question 28

What detects temperature change in the body?

Answer 28

The skin & hypothalamus

Question 29

How does the body control blood glucose levels?

Answer 29

An increase is picked up by islet cells in the pancreas which then secrete insulin to reduce levels. A decrease is defected by islet cells in the pancreas which then secrete glucagon to increase levels.

Question 30

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 30

The study of how the disease process affects the normal functioning of living organisms

Question 31

What are pinocytic vesicles?

Answer 31

Pocket like folds in the membrane which allow protein and fut mole cute to enter the cell

Question 32

What is blood comprised of?

Answer 32

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), plasma and platelets

Question 33

What does the blood carry?

Answer 33

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and nutrients

Question 34

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

Answer 34

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 35

What are the types of granulocytes?

Answer 35

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Question 36

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 36

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 37

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 37

Kill bacteria

Question 38

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 38

Kill parasitic worms

Question 39

What do basophils do?

Answer 39

Attract other WBC'S

Question 40

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 40

Fight viruses & tumours

Question 41

What do monocytes do?

Answer 41

Become macrograges and engulf pathogens

Question 42

What are microvilli?

Answer 42

Tiny projections that cover the exposed surface of certain types of cell. They greatly increase the surface area, and maximise absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

Question 43

What happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 43

The cell grows in size and volume

Question 44

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

Answer 44

G1, S and G2

Question 45

What happens in the S phase?

Answer 45

The chromosomes replicate, forming two identical copies of DNA

Question 46

What happens in the G2 phase?

Answer 46

There is further growth and preparation for cell division.

Question 47

What does superior mean?

Answer 47

At the top

Question 48

What does anterior mean?

Answer 48

At the front

Question 49

What does posterior mean?

Answer 49

At the back

Question 50

What does lateral mean?

Answer 50

On the outside

Question 51

What does media mean?

Answer 51

Towards the midline of the body?

Question 52

What does superficial mean?

Answer 52

Nearer the surface

Question 53

What does proximal mean?

Answer 53

Nearer the trunk or point of origin

Question 54

What does distal mean?

Answer 54

Further from the trunk or point of origin

Question 55

What does flexion mean?

Answer 55

Decreasing the angle

Question 56

What does abduction mean?

Answer 56

Taking the limb away from the body

Question 57

What does addiction mean?

Answer 57

Taking the structure towards the midline of the body

Question 58

What is lateral rotation?

Answer 58

External rotation

Question 59

What is medial rotation?

Answer 59

Internal rotation

Question 60

What is supine?

Answer 60

Laying down

Question 61

What are the benefits of skin-to-skin contact?

Answer 61

- Releases endorphins - Calms and relaxes both - Regulates baby’s HR and temperature - Releases oxytocin

Question 62

What is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 62

Low blood sugar

Question 63

What is hypoxia?

Answer 63

Low oxygen levels

Question 64

What are the 9 stages of neonatal behaviour? + Aid memoir

Answer 64

Big cry, Relaxation, Awakening, Activity, Rest, Crawling, Familiarisation, Suckling, Sleep. Big Red Apples Are Really Crunchy For Small Seals.

Question 65

How do we create an environment that encourages oxytocin release after birth?

Answer 65

Quiet, private & dark

Question 66

How do we create an environment that encourages prolactin release after birth?

Answer 66

Mum and baby have to be together

Question 67

What is so special about human milk?

Answer 67

It’s matched to the needs of the baby, it has live constituents and it protects the baby's gut

Question 68

What does IgD do?

Answer 68

Combats discuses without causing inflammation