Anatomy & Physiology Review

Question 1

Respiration:

Answer 1

Gas exchange within the body: dependent on an intact cardiovascular system.

Question 2

External Respiration:

Answer 2

The exchange of gas O2 and CO2 at the alveolar capillary membrane between atmospheric air and the pulmonary capillaries

Question 3

Internal Respiration:

Answer 3

The exchange of gas 02 and CO2 at the tissue level between red blood cells and the cells of the tissues.

Question 4

Ventilation

Answer 4

Movement of air in and out of the Lungs.

Question 5

Thorax

Answer 5

Functions to protect the internal organs of respiration, circulation and digestion and to provide the site of attachment of the mm of respiration to mechanically enlarge thorax.

Question 6

MM for inspiration

Answer 6

Diaphragm (C3-C5)
External Intercostals
Accessory mm

Question 7

Diaphragm

Answer 7

Inspiration

C3-C5 major mm of inspiration, moves caudally (inferior) as it contracts to increase the capacity of the thoracic cage.

Question 8

External Intercostals

Answer 8

Inspiration
Segmental intercostal nerves VPR T1-11; function to prevent the intercostal spaces being sucked in by negative intrathoracic pressure and to lift ribs

Question 9

Accessory MM

Answer 9

Inspiration:
May become to primary mm of inspiration when the diaphragm is ineffective or weak
-sternocleidomastoid: 
-Upper trapezius
-Scalenes
-Serratus anterior
-Pectoralis major
-Pectoralis minor
-Erector spinae

Question 10

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 10

When head is fixed elevates sternum; most important accessory mm of inspiration

Question 11

Upper Trapezius

Answer 11

Stabilizes scapulae to allow serratus and pectoralis minor to elevate ribs.

Question 12

Scalenes:

Answer 12

When C- spine is fixed elevate ribs 1 & 2

Question 13

Serratus anterior

Answer 13

When scapulae fixed elevate ribs

Question 14

Pectoralis Major

Answer 14

(Action is to pull trunk up when arms are fixed, used during forced inhalation) when UE’s fixed, draws ribs towards UE’s

Question 15

Pectoralis Minor

Answer 15

When scapulae fixed elevates ribs like serratus

Question 16

Erector spinae

Answer 16

Extend vertebral column, allowing further elevation of ribs.

Question 17

Expiration:

Answer 17

• Relaxed or quiet: passive process due to elastic recoil

- Active ( controlled, forced, prolonged)

Question 18

MM of Expiration

Answer 18

Abdominals

Internal intercostals

Question 19

Abdominals for expiration

Answer 19

Intercostal nerves T 8-12, Iliohypogastric a& Ilioinguinal nerves.
-When thorax and pelvis are fixed function to depress the thoracic cage and force the abdominal contents superiorly into the diaphragm, placing diaphragm back in its resting position.

Question 20

INternal Intercostals

Answer 20

Segmental intercostal nerves VPR T1-11:

Interosseus portion functions to depress the ribs.

Question 21

Lungs Sections

Answer 21

• Rt lung: upper, middle, and lower
• Lt. Lung: Upper and lower lobes and lingual ( Lt. lung contains no middle lobe, however on the upper lobe of the Lt lung there is a projection that the term is derived from.

Question 22

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 22

Volume of air in lungs at full inspiration: divided into 4 volumes:

• Tidal Volume
• INspiratory reserve volume
• Expiratory reserve volume
• Residual volume

Question 23

Tidal Volume

Answer 23

TV: amount of air inspired and expired during normal resting ventilation: about 500 mL/ breath for young, healthy, male; 350 mL of which take part in gas exchange; 150 mL remain in conducting airways.

Question 24

IRV

Answer 24

Inspiratory reserve volume

-Volume of air that can be inspired in excess of a tidal inhalation

Question 25

ERV

Answer 25

Expiratory Reserve volume | -Volume of air that can be expired in excess of a tidal exhalation

Question 26

RV

Answer 26

Residual Volume | -Volume of air remaining after ERV has been exhaled

Question 27

INspiratory Capacity

Answer 27

IC: Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume -volume of air that can be inspired beginning from tidal exhalation

Question 28

FRC

Answer 28

Functional residual capacity residual volume + expiratory reserve volume - volume of air remaining at the end of a tidal exhalation

Question 29

VC

Answer 29

Vital Capacity Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume - total volume of air within the lungs that is under volitional control

Question 30

Flow rate

Answer 30

Measure volume of air moved in a period of time; reflect the ease with which the lungs can be ventilated and are related to the elasticity of the lungs: two of particular interest. - forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. - forced expiratory flow from 25-75% of FVC

Question 31

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Answer 31

(FEV1) | Thought to reflect the status of the larger airways in the lungs

Question 32

Forced expiratory flow from 25- 75% of FVC

Answer 32

(Flow volume curve) Flow rate in the middle of the forced expiratory flow volume curve: thought to reflect the status of the smaller, more fragile airways.