Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

USMLE STEP 1 > Anatomy practical > Flashcards

Anatomy practical Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Path of pudendal neurovascular bundle

A
  • Exits greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle
  • Travels through lesser sciatic foramen to enter the ischioanal fossa
  • Travels in the pudendal canal (within the obturator internus fascia)
  • Enters the urogenital triangle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Borders of the ischioanal fossa

A

Lateral: obturator internus muscle
Medial/superior: pelvic diaphragm (mostly levator ani)
Inferior: membranous layer of the superficial layer of the gluteal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Levator ani muscles

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Puborectalis attachments

A

Origin: superior pubic rami
Insertion: anococcygeal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pubococcygeus attachments

A

Origin: pubis (lateral to puborectalis)
Insertion: anococcygeal ligament, coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Iliococcygeus attachments

A

Origin: tendinous arch of the levator ani
Insertion: anococcygeal ligament, coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Iliococcygeus innervation

A

Sacral plexus (S4), pudendal nerve (S2-S4) via inferior rectal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

External anal sphincter innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) via inferior rectal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inferior rectal nerve functions

A
  • sensory innervation to anal canal inferior to pectinate line
  • motor innervation to external anal sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle attachments

A

perineal body and clitoris/penile raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle actions

A

Females: compresses vestibular glands
Males: assists in erection of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle attachments

A

Origin: Ischial ramus
Insertion: crus of clitoris/penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle actions

A

Maintain erection by squeezing blood into penis or clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Colles’ fascia other name

A

superficial perineal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the perineal membrane found, and what does it look like?

A

White inferior fascia covering the deep transverse perineal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deep transverse perineal muscle attachments

A

Origin: Inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus
Insertion: perineal body (central tendon), prostate/wall of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

External urethral sphincter location

A

Circular fibers within the deep transverse perineal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

External urethral sphincter innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deep transverse perineal muscle innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Superficial transverse perineal muscle attachments

A

Origin: ischial ramus (posterior inferior part)
Insertion: perineal body (central tendon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Superficial transverse perineal muscle innervation

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neurovascular strucutres on the dorsum of the penis

A

Deep dorsal penile vein at the midline, with dorsal penile arteries and nerves on either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dartos fascia other name
Superficial penile fascia
26
Buck's fascia other name
Deep penile fascia
27
Tunica albuginea location
Surrounding corpora cavernosa; surrounding testicle (below tunica vaginalis); surrounding ovary
28
Deep penile artery location
Within the corpora cavernosa
29
Spongy urethra location
Within the corpus spongiosum
30
The external spermatic fascia is continuous with what muscle?
External oblique muscle
31
Cremaster muscle is continuous with what muscle?
Internal oblique muscle
32
Internal spermatic fascia is continuous with what muscle?
Transversalis fascia
33
Where do scrotum lymphatics drain
Superficial inguinal nodes
34
Where do lymphatics from testes drain?
Lumbar (para-aortic) nodes
35
Parts of the broad ligament
Mesometrium- covers the uterus Mesosalpinx- covers the uterine tube Mesovarium- connects to the ovary
36
Between which nervous structures does the superior gluteal artery pass?
Lumbosacral trunk and S1
37
Visceral motor innervation above the pectinate line
Inferior hypogastric plexus
38
Good anchor point for sutures during hernia repair and anti-incontinence surgeries
Pectineal (Cooper's) ligament
39
Location of pectineal (Cooper's) ligament
Within the pectineal line, a ridge on the superior pubic ramus
40
Pelvic floor muscle that attaches to ischial spine
Coccygeus muscle
41
Coccygeus muscle innervation
Pudendal nerve (S2-S4), sacral nerves (S3-S5, varies)
42
Lowest part of peritoneal cavity in female; where fluid may accumulate
Pouch of Douglas (rectourterine pouch)
43
Where would a needle be inserted to drain the pouch of Douglas?
Posterior fornix
44
Main sympathetic supply to pelvis; continuation of aortic plexus
Superior hypogastric plexus
45
Indications and location for presacral neurectomy
Women with pelvic pain (e.g. dysmenorrhea). Resection of superior hypogastric plexus.
46
Connect superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses
Right and left hypogastric nerves
47
Connect sacral sympathetic trunks to inferior hypogastric plexues
Sacral splanchnic nerves
48
Pure parasympathetic innervation in the pelvis
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
49
Main supply to pelvis; mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
Inferior hypogastric plexus
50
Structures above the "pelvic pain line." What is their innervation?
Those in contact with peritoneal covering. o Male: top of bladder o Female: top part of bladder, top part of uterus Follow sympathetics retrograde to T11-L2 spinal levels/dermatomes.
51
Sensory/pain innervation below "pelvic pain line"
Follows parasympathetics retrograde via pelvic splanchnic nerves to S2-S4 spinal levels/dermatomes.
52
Exception to "pelvic pain line" rule; where is its pain line?
Colon; pain line is at midpoint of sigmoid colon
53
Lymphatic drainage of the vagina
* Superior 1/3- external and internal iliac nodes * Middle 1/3- internal iliac nodes * Inferior 1/3- superficial inguinal nodes
54
Lymphatic drainage of the uterus and cervix
* Fundus/upper body- lumbar (para-aortic) and/or superficial inguinal nodes * Lower body/cervix- external and internal iliac nodes
55
Lymphatic drainage of the ovaries and uterine tubes
Lumbar (para-aortic) nodes
56
Lymphatic drainage of the skin of the penis (shaft)
Superficial inguinal nodes
57
Lymphatic drainage of the glans (penis)
Deep inguinal and external iliac nodes
58
Lymphatic drainage superior to pectinate line
Internal iliac nodes
59
Embryonic origin superior to pectinate line
Endoderm
60
Blood supply and venous drainage superior to pectinate line
Superior rectal artery; superior rectal veins (portal venous system)
61
Epithelium superior to pectinate line
Cuboidal epithelium
62
Epithelium inferior to pectinate line
Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized until Hilton's white line)
63
Lymphatic drainage inferior to pectinate line
Superficial inguinal nodes
64
Blood supply and venous drainage inferior to pectinate line
Internal iliac and inferior rectal arteries; inferior rectal veins (caval venous system)
65
When does the gubernaculum arise?
Week 7 of embryonic development
66
What pulls down the testis?
Differential growth of the fetus and shortening of the gubernaculum
67
What causes hydrocyle?
Remnant of tunica vaginalis (NOT patent), made from peritoneum. Serous, peritoneal-like fluid accumulates. Can be idiopathic or caused by infection.
68
How do you distinguish hydrocele from a tumor?
Transillumination by flashlight (hydrocele lights up)
69
Pathophysiology and treatment of testicular torsion
The scrotal ligament (a remnant of the gubernaculum) normally holds the testis in place, but becomes loose. This causes the testis to get twisted on itself and ischemic. Should be treated surgically within five hours (both sides sutured for prevention).
70
What cryptorchidism and what causes it?
Undescended testis. Commonly occurs in premies. Causes: -prematurity -hormonal disorders -retractile testes (cremaster m.) -acquired failure of spermatic cord to grow at pace of body
71
Name of surgery and normal timing for treatment of cryptorchidism
Orchiopexy/Orchidopexy; usually at 9-15 months
72
5 ways that testes are thermoregulated
1) Hypothalamic control of specialized sweating and panting 2) Countercurrent cooling of blood in testicular artery by the pampiniform plexus 3) Testicular artery is coiled over surface of testis to dissipate heat before entering 4) Dartos muscle can contract or relax 5) Cremaster muscle can pull up testis
73
Describe the cremaster reflex
Stroking the inner thigh sends sensory info through the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2) and the ilioinguinal nerve (L1). Motor fibers of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve are activated, causing contraction of the cremaster muscle.
74
Type of epithelium within seminiferous tubules
Germinal epithelium
75
When do primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge? Where do they come from?
Week 5 of embryonic development; from the yolk sac
76
How many spermatozoa come from one spermatogonoium?
256 spermatazoa
77
How long does it take for spermatozoa to mature?
72-74 days
78
Describe homonymous division in the context of sperm development
Spermatogonium (stem cells) divide. One cell goes on to mature into spermatozoa; the other one stays behind to keep dividing
79
DNA in primary spermatocyte
4N, diploid
80
DNA in secondary spermatocyte
2N, haploid
81
DNA in spermatids/spermatozoa
1N, haploid
82
Organelles that remain in spermatozoa
Mitochondria are packed into the midpiece of the spermatozoan to power the flagellum
83
Cells with gap junctions to "nurse" the sperm cells
Sertoli cells (epithelial)
84
What forms the blood-testis barrier? What happens inside/outside? Why is it there?
Formed by occluding junctions of Sertoli cells.
85
Hormones produced by Sertoli cells
- anti-mullerian hormone | - inhibin (to regulate FSH, which is needed for sperm development)
86
Where is androgen binding protein produced, and what is it's function?
Produced by Sertoli cells; maintains high levels of testosterone in the testes for sperm development
87
Where is luminal fluid produced, and why is it there?
Produced by Sertoli cells; sperm develop motility in the epididymis, so a current in the luminal fluid is required to carry them there
88
Cause of Sertoli cell only syndrome
There is evidence that Sertoli cell-only syndrome can be caused by interstitial deletions in the 'azoospermia factor' (AZF) region on the long arm of the Y chromosome.

USMLE STEP 1 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions