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Phase 1: weeks 1-5 > Anatomy (prosection) > Flashcards

Anatomy (prosection) Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what’s the difference between the ventral and dorsal direction?

A

Ventral: belly side
Dorsal: the back

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2
Q

Proximal vs distal?

A

Proximal: close to the centre
Distal: away from the centre

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3
Q

what are the dorsal and palmar side of the hand?

A

Dorsal: back of hand
Palmar: palm of hand

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4
Q

what are the dorsal and palmar side of the foot?

A

Dorsal: top of foot
Palmar: sole of foot

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5
Q

when looking at an MRI/CT scan, what direction is the body viewed at?

A

From the bottom (feet upwards)

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6
Q

how do hip and knee flexion differ?

A

hip flexion: leg goes to the front

knee flexion: foot to the bum

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7
Q

what vertebrae is named the axis?

A

C2

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8
Q

where is the odontoid peg found and what is it?

A

Process of the C2 (axis)

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9
Q

how does C1 differ from all other vertebrae?

A

Does not have a body

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10
Q

Where’re are the occipital condyles found?

A

at base of skull, where it rests

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11
Q

what are the divisions of the vertebral column?

A 
Cervical: C1-7
Thoracic: T1-12
Lumbar: L1-5
Sacrum (S1-5)
Coccyx
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12
Q

which never lies posterior to the medial epicondyle and is vulnerable to injury?

A

Ulnar nerve

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13
Q

what bone is the medial malleus part of?

A

Tibia

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14
Q

which metatarsal does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?

A

2nd

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15
Q

List the bones of the skull

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, mandible, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid

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16
Q

how many pelvic joints are there? what are they?

A

4: symphysis pubis, 2 sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal

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17
Q

Of the pelvic joints, which ones are synovial and cartilaginous?

A

Sacroiliac = synovial

sacrococcygeal + symphysis pubis = cartilaginous

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18
Q

what is ossification?

A

fusion of bones

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19
Q

what is a sesamoid bone?

A

bone that is incorporated into a tendon

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20
Q

what attaches to the patellar tendon proximally and distally?

A

Proximal: quadriceps muscle
Distal: tibial tuberosity

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21
Q

what is the specific function of the ACL?

A

prevent the tibia sliding anterior to the femur

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22
Q

what muscle contracts for leg extension?

A

quadriceps

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23
Q

what muscle contracts for leg flexion?

A

hamstring muscle

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24
Q

what is the action of the infraspinatus on the humerus ?

A

stabilises humerus and lateral rotation of the arm

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25
what is the action of the supraspinatus on the humerus ?
adduction of the arm, stabilises humerus
26
what makes the rectus abdominis strong?
consist of separate muscle separated by intersections
27
what makes the pectoralis major enable a wide range of movement?
it has 2 heads
28
what bony structure limits hyperextension of the elbow?
olecranon process of the ulna
29
what is the function of the intercalated disc in cardiac cells? CHECK PN
Synchronised contraction of cardiac tissue and allows waves of depolarisation
30
where is the moderator band found and what is its function?
found in right ventricular apex | path of conduction from right bundle branch to anterior papillary muscle
31
what is the pharynx?
cavity behind the nose and mouth, leading to the oesophagus and larynx
32
what re the main components of the pharynx ?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
33
which parts of the pharynx does food pass through?
Oropharynx | Laryngopharynx
34
how does the pharynx terminate inferiorly?
connects to the oesophagus
35
what are the 3 main layers of the aorta? what are they made of?
Tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, supported by a layer of collagenous tissue rich in elastin Tunica media: smooth muscle - thickest layer Tunica externa: thick connective layer + collagen + elastin
36
what clinical procedure is performed on the trachea to help patient breathe?
Tracheostomy
37
what type of epithelium does the oesophagus have?
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
38
list the layers of the oesophagus
mucosa submucosa muscularis propria tunica adventitia
39
what muscle does the oesophagus pierce to gain access to the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
40
how is reflux prevented?
lower oesophageal sphincter
41
Draw the divisions of the abdominal region
``` Left hypochondrium Epigastric region Right hypochondrium Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left iliac region Hypogastric region Right iliac region ```
42
what abdominal region does the stomach lie in ?
left hypochondrium and can extend into epigastric region
43
what branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach?
celiac artery
44
what is unusual about the layers of the stomach wall?
Has an extra muscular layer (oblique - which is innermost)
45
what is the function of the mucus neck cells and what is its function?
Mucus - protects epithelial lining from Hcl
46
what is the function of the chief cells and what is its function?
secrete pepsinogen - this is converted to pepsin by stomach acid
47
what is the function of parietal cells and what is its function?
HCl - denatures proteins and actives pepsinogens
48
what is the function of endocrine cells and what is its function?
Gastrin - stimulates pepsinogen and Hal production and enhances gut motility
49
what secretions enter the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?
pancreatic secretions and bile
50
what does the pancreas produce?
Exocrine secretions - pancreatic juice (pancreatic enzymes: exopeptidase + endopeptidases, and bicarbonate) Endocrine secretions - insulin + glucose + somatostatin
51
what do the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas do?
Exocrine: break down peptides Endocrine: primarily regulate blood glucose
52
how many lobes does the liver have? what are they called?
4 | Left, right, caudate, quadrate
53
what are the functions of the liver?
metabolism Producing blood clotting factors produces bile protein synthesis (albumin)
54
what abdominal region is the spleen found in?
left hypochondrium
55
what is the arterial supply to the spleen and why is it so tortuous ?
Splenic artery | slows down blood supply to make for smoother and prevent spleen from rupturing
56
how do the large and small intestine differ?
large intestine contains fatty tags (omental appendices), haustra (small pouches caused by sacculation) and taeni coli (longitudinal bands of muscle)
57
what are the different components of the large intestine?
Caecum, appendix, ascending, transerve, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
58
what are some of the functions of the large intestine?
Recovery of water and electrolytes formation and storage of faeces fermentation of indigestible food matter by bacteria
59
what type of epithelium is found in small intestine ?
simple columnar
60
what is a lacteal?
lymphatic capillary/vessel of the small intestine that absorbs dietary fats
61
what type of epithelium is found in large intestine ?
simple columnar epithelium
62
where are Brunner's glands found? what do they do?
in submucosa in duodenum | they secrete alkaline mucus
63
how does epithelium change from rectum to anus?
Rectum: simple columnar Anus: stratified squamous
64
what name is given to the region that forms the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
islet of langerhans
65
function of gall bladder?
stores and concentrates bile
66
blood supply to the gall bladder?
cystic artery
67
what are gall stones?
crystallised masses that contain abundant cholesterol, pigment or a mixture of both

Phase 1: weeks 1-5 (23 decks)

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