Anatomy review Flashcards
(45 cards)
Sagittal?
Plane that separates your eyes
Coronal?
Slicing the brain from front to back
Where does CSF go after circulating through brain?
subarachnoid space
What are convergence / divergence?
Convergence: Neurons receive input from a ton of other cellls
Divergence: Neurons send out the same input to a ton of other cells
What is an axon collateral?
Part of an axon that branches out
motor efferents
Also from mixed nerves.
Begin in ventral home of spinal cord, end on skeletal muscles. Send out motor commands.
choroid plexus
cells that produce CSF
What are sensory afferents composed of?
They come from mixed nerves (nerves with both motor neurons and sensory neurons)
Sensory (somatosensory) afferents go to the dorsal root ganglion from outside of cell. Neurons have somas in dorsal root ganglia, with dendrites receiving somatosensory info.
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Internal environment (e.g. hearts, organs, etc)
What / where are the sympathetic ganglia?
Cluster of cell bodies, many of which are near the spinal cord
Have to do with acetylcholine/neuropenephrine innervating muscle fibers
What / where are the efferent parasympathetic neurons?
(parasympathetic: internal organs, relaxed state)
Located in the brain or the ventral horn of spinal cord
Where are the meninges?
Dura mater?
Arachnoid?
Pia mater?
Meninges: layers of tissue under the skull
Dura mater: Outermost layer, closest to skull
Arachnoid: weblike sublayer filled with CSF just below dura
Pia mater: Sits directly on nervous tissue
What is a hydrocephalic brain?
‘fluid brain’
too much CSF
What is a nucleus at the whole-brain level of anatomy?
Group of neurons with a common purpose
What happens as we go caudal to rostral?
Functions get more complex
What is the neuraxis?
Central nervous system in a single plane
What can the spinal cord - and only the spinal cord - do?
Reflexes
e.g. walking (mostly spinal cord!)
Circuitry in spinal cord act as pattern generators
Brain only starts running/walking etc!
If you were looking up at a cross section of spinal cord, what would you see?
Dorsal horns > SOMATOSENSORY (dorsal always somatosensory!) gray matter
Dorsal columns (convey touch info) white matter
Ventral horns > MOTOR
Ventral columns (motor info)
Dorsal root ganglia come out of dorsal horns (peripheral nervous system)
Gray matter on the inside surrounded by white matter
What brain part plays role in cardiorespiratory cycles,
Digesting, coughing, vomiting?
Medulla oblongata
Has medulary pyramids, which is where motor pathways split
What is the difference between pons and medula?
Pons has locus coruleus (neurepenephrine)
Gets input from dorsal column nuclei
Beginning of emotional control, sleep/wake cycle….
Medulla only gets ventral column nucleus input
You have two rats
One doesn’t have a neocortex
What’s the difference in behavior?
Novel behavior in the rats
Caudal/inferior areas still give the lesioned one ability to survive
What does ‘mesencephalon’ mean?
Midbrain
Why is the substantia nigra black?
Melanin accumulates as dopamine is metabolized!
What are the structures of the midbrain?
Tectum (roof)
Tegmentum (floor)
in tectum:
Superior colliculi: visual relay/blindsight
Inferior colliculi: auditory relay/auditory localization
in tegmentum:
Substantia nigra (habit learning, initiation of movement)
Ventral tegmental area (reward)
Periaqueductal grey (modulation of pain)
