Anatomy - Salivary Glands, Tongue, Palate, and Pharynx

Question 1

boundaries of the oral cavity

Answer 1

upper and lower teeth
floor of mouth/tongue
oropharynx
hard and soft palate

Question 2

area of the tongue shortened in tongue-tied patients

Answer 2

frenulum

Question 3

which veins are used for submucosal drug delivery

Answer 3

lingual veins

Question 4

what are the sublingual papillae

Answer 4

2 little bumps either side of frenulum which are the openings for ducts of submandibular salivary glands

Question 5

3 major pairs of salivary glands

Answer 5

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 6

where does parotid gland sit

Answer 6

masseter muscle

Question 7

where do submandibular glands sit

Answer 7

just below mandible

Question 8

features of sublingual glands

Answer 8

have lots of tiny ducts which empty into sublingual folds

Question 9

what must the duct from the parotid gland pass through to reach the oral cavity

Answer 9

buccinator muscle

Question 10

muscle of the floor of the mouth

Answer 10

mylohyoid

Question 11

nerve supply of sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

Answer 11

CN VII

Question 12

nerve supply of parotid gland

Answer 12

CN IX, which hitches a ride on auriculotemporal branch of V3 to supply parotid

Question 13

features of anterior 2/3 tongue

Answer 13

horizontal
in oral cavity
general sensory from CN V3
special sensory from CN VII

Question 14

features of posterior 1/3 tongue

Answer 14

vertical
not in oral cavity
general and sensory supply from CN IX

Question 15

what separates the two parts of the tongue

Answer 15

terminal groove/sulcus

Question 16

what is the foramen caecum

Answer 16

origin of the thyroid gland
at the apex of the terminal groove
remnant of the thyroglossal duct

Question 17

typical place to find thyroglossal cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue

Answer 17

midline

Question 18

how do thyroid swellings move on swallowing

Answer 18

move superiorly then inferiorly because of attachment to the larynx

Question 19

function of extrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 19

change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

Question 20

name of extrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 20

4 pairs 
palatoglossus (from soft palate) 
styloglossus (from styloid process) 
hyoglossus (from hyoid bone) 
genioglossus (from genial tubercles)

Question 21

supply of extrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 21

hypoglossal apart from palatoglossus which is vagus since it is technically a palate muscle

Question 22

extracranial course of hypoglossal nerve

Answer 22

descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath
at level of hyoid, passes anteriorly towards the lateral aspect of the tongue (lateral to the loop of the lingual artery)
supplies most of the muscles of the tongue

Question 23

how to clinically test CN XII

Answer 23

ask patient to stick tongue straight out

Question 24

sign of unilateral CNXII damage

Answer 24

tongue tip points towards side of injured nerve

Question 25

how much of the palate is hard palate

Answer 25

anterior 2/3

Question 26

hard palate mucosa

Answer 26

keratinised

Question 27

soft palate mucosa

Answer 27

non-keratinised

Question 28

what are palatal rugae

Answer 28

transverse mucosal ridges which help with chewing

Question 29

how many muscle pairs in the soft palate

Answer 29

5

Question 30

name of soft palate muscles

Answer 30

``` levator veli palatini tensor veli palatini palatoglossus palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae ```

Question 31

function of levator veli palatini

Answer 31

lifts soft palate towards base of the skull

Question 32

function of tensor veli palatini

Answer 32

tenses the soft palate

Question 33

funcition of palatoglossus

Answer 33

depresses the palate towards the tongue or vice versa

Question 34

function of palatopharyngeus

Answer 34

longitudinal muscle of pharynx which attaches between palate and larynx

Question 35

innervation of soft palate muscles

Answer 35

all CN X except tensor veli palatini which is CN V3

Question 36

function of soft palate

Answer 36

functions as trapdoor - stops food entering nose during swallowing - directs air into nose or mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing and vomiting - helps to close off the entrance to the oropharynx during gag reflex

Question 37

how to clinically test CN X and V3

Answer 37

ask patient to say Aaaah - uvula should lift straight up in midline

Question 38

sign of unilateral nerve pathology in uvula

Answer 38

uvula will be pulled away from non-functioning side by normal side

Question 39

what is the pharyngeal plexus

Answer 39

intertwining of CN X and IX

Question 40

circular pharygeal muscles

Answer 40

constrictors, attach to midline raphe | external layer of voluntary muscles

Question 41

names of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

Answer 41

stylopharyngeus - styloid process palatopharyngeus - palate salpingopharyngeus - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube

Question 42

insertion of longitudinal muscles

Answer 42

posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Question 43

function of longitudinal muscles

Answer 43

elevate pharynx and larynx

Question 44

innervation of longitudinal muscles

Answer 44

CN X - palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus | CN IX - stylopharyngeus

Question 45

components of Waldeyer's defensive ring of lymphoid tissue

Answer 45

``` pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) tubal tonsils palatine tonsil lingual tonsil palate associated lymphoid tissue ```

Question 46

submental node drainage

Answer 46

tip of tongue

Question 47

submandibular node drainage

Answer 47

nasal cavity, tongue, lips

Question 48

where does all lymph from submental/submandibular nodes eventually drain

Answer 48

deep cervical nodes

Question 49

where does lymph from palatine tonsil drain

Answer 49

jugulo-digastric node

Question 50

why must examination of lymph nodes be bilateral

Answer 50

midline structures often drain bilaterally

Question 51

lymph node groups of head and neck

Answer 51

``` submental submandibular parotid (pre-auricular) mastoid (post-auricular) occipital deep cervical (along IJV) superficial cervical (along EJV) ```