Anatomy Session 1 - MSK Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
Define Rostral
A
Towards face
2
Q
Define Caudal
A
Towards ‘tail’ (back)
3
Q
Define Cranial
A
Towards head
4
Q
Define Prone (position)
A
Lying down on your front - face down
5
Q
Define Supine
A
Lying down on one’s back - facing up
6
Q
Define superficial
A
Closer to the surface
7
Q
Define deep
A
Further away from the surface
8
Q
Define contralateral
A
Opposite side of the body (R+L arms are contralateral to each other)
9
Q
Define Ipsilateral
A
Same side of the body e.g. L leg and hand
10
Q
Define Distal
A
Away from origin
11
Q
Define Proximal
A
Closer to origin
12
Q
Define Lateral
A
Further away from the centre
13
Q
Define Medial
A
Closer to central line (closer to mid point of the body)
14
Q
Define Ventral/Anterior
A
In Front of
15
Q
Define Dorsal/Posterior
A
Back - behind
16
Q
What are the three planes?
A
Coronal, Sagittal and Axial
17
Q
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
A
Axial (central parts - skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum) and Appendicular (bones of limbs, shoulder blades (scapulae), collarbones (clavicles) and hip bones)
18
Q
What is the skeleton made of?
A
Bone and cartilage
19
Q
How are joints formed?
A
When two bones meet they articulate with each other.
20
Q
What are the types of joints?
A
Synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous - two diff 1. Primary and 2. secondary
21
Q
How are synovial joints built to allow a great deal of movement?
A
most common type of joint. A very narrow synovial cavity separates the articular surfaces of the bones. The cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, which is enclosed in a joint capsule. The joint capsule has two layers: an outer fibrous capsule, and an inner synovial membrane. The articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage. Synovial joints usually allow a great deal of movement.
22
Q
Where are synovial joints?
A
Examples: the shoulder, knee, and wrist joints.
23
Q
What are fibrous joints like?
A
connect two bones together via strong fibrous tissue. There is no cavity and no fluid. There is usually very little (if any) movement at fibrous joints.
24
Q
Where are fibrous joints in the body?
A
Example: a) the joints between the individual bones of the skull (called ‘sutures’). b) between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. (c) specialized fibrous joint that anchors a tooth to its socket in the jaw.
25
What are cartilaginous joints like?
are like fibrous joints, but the articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. - two types:
1. Primary - connected by hyaline - allows flexibility e.g. ribs meet sternum
2. Secondary - connected by fibrocartilage with a layer of hyaline on articulate surfaces on bone. - flexible but strong and support a lot of weight - intervertebral discs between vertebrae in spine
26
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane
27
What are ball and socket joints like?
the end of one bone is shaped like a ball which fits into a rounded, bowl-shaped socket on another bone e.g. the shoulder joint and the hip joint.
These joints are mobile and allow a significant range of movement in all directions, including rotation.
Stability - the more stable the joint but the less mobile it is (e.g. the hip). With a poorer fit comes better mobility but less stability and greater risk of dislocation (e.g. the shoulder).
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What are hinge joints like?
just like a hinge on a door, they allow a significant range of movement, but only in one plane e.g. the elbow and knee joints allow only flexion and extension.
29
What are pivot joints like?
the best example is found at the top of the spine where the first and second cervical vertebrae articulate with each other. The first vertebrae (C1, the atlas) at the base of the skull pivots around the peg of the second vertebrae (C2, the axis). It allows rotational movement only, allowing us to turn our head left and right.
30
What are saddle joints like?
these joints are shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle, and permit movement in two planes. The best example is the joint at the base of the thumb, where the metacarpal of the thumb articulates with one of the small carpal bones in the wrist (the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb).
31
What are condyloid joints like?
like a ball and socket joint, but the joint surfaces are oval-shaped. They have a good range of movement but only in two planes e.g. the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (the knuckles) allow flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction.
32
What are plane joints like?
the articular surfaces are almost flat and glide against each other. The range of movement is usually limited and dictated by the neighbouring bones and surrounding ligaments. Examples include the joints between the small carpal bones of the wrist and the acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder.
33
What is a ligament?
A ligament is a band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. Ligaments stabilise joints and limit their movement. They can stretch and, over time, can be stretched to allow greater joint mobility.
34
What does double-jointed mean?
The commonly used term ‘double-jointed’ is a misnomer – people who appear to be ‘double-jointed’ have ligaments that are stretchy enough to allow their joints a greater degree of mobility (‘hypermobility’).
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How does a sprain occur?
A sprain occurs when a ligament is overstretched and injured. The most often sprained ligaments are those of the ankle, caused by ‘going over’ on the ankle. Over-stretched and torn ligaments are painful. They may not return to their original shape. When joints dislocate, the ligaments may be stretched so much that they become permanently lax, leading to joint instability and in some cases, recurrent dislocation.
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Describe and show flexion
Bending (decreasing angle)
37
Describe and show extension
Straightening (increasing angle)
38
Describe and show lateral flexion
Unique to the vertebral column - bending sideways
39
Describe and show abduction
Movement away from midline
40
Describe and show adduction
Movement towards midline
41
Describe and show internal rotation
Rotating (around an axis) towards the midline - also called medial rotation
42
Describe and show external rotation
Rotating (around an axis) away from midline - also called lateral rotation
43
Describe and show Pronation
Unique to forearm - internal rotation of radius - palm faces posteriorly (facing downwards?)
44
Describe and show supination
Unique to the forearm: external rotation of the radius, so that the palm faces anteriorly (i.e. the anatomical position).
45
Describe and show Opposition
Unique to the thumb and little finger: flexion and rotation of the thumb or little finger so that each one can reach the other.
46
Describe and show Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction such that the appendage traces a circular or conical pattern.
47
Describe and show Dorsiflexion
Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move superiorly towards the shin (pointing the foot and toes ‘up’).
48
Describe and show Plantarflexion
Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move inferiorly (pointing the foot and toes ‘down’).
49
Describe and show Inversion
Unique to the foot: medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially.
50
Describe and show Eversion
Unique to the foot: lateral flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally.
51
Describe and show Protraction
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly (e.g. moving our upper limb out in front of us to push open a door).
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Describe and show Retraction
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly (e.g. ‘squaring’ the shoulders).
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Describe and show Elevation
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible superiorly (e.g. shrugging the shoulders, closing the mouth).
54
Describe and show depression
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly (e.g. returning the shoulders after elevation, opening the mouth).
55
What are tendons?
Skeletal muscles are attached to bone or soft tissues by tendons, which are composed of strong connective tissue.
56
What are aponeuroses?
Many tendons are rounded (like a cord) but some form thin, flat, sheets called aponeuroses (singular = aponeurosis). Aponeuroses are found in the scalp and abdominal wall. The muscle between its tendons is often referred to as the muscle belly.
57
How are joints , muscles or tendons moved?
To move joints, muscles or tendons must cross them. When a muscle contracts, one of the structures it is attached to moves, whilst the other structure does not. The bone or part that does not move is called the origin, and the bone or part that does move is called the insertion.
58
What are the four main orientations of skeletal muscle fibres?
1. Parallel
a) Fusiform
b) Strap
2. Convergent
3. Circular
4. Pennate
a) unipennate
b) Bipenate
c) Multipennate
59
What are parallel skeletal muscle fibres like?
the muscle fibres are aligned parallel to each other. They can shorten significantly and quickly but are relatively less powerful than pennate muscles.
Two subtypes:
o Fusiform muscles often have a long tendon at each end, and the muscle belly bulges out in the middle. Example: biceps brachii in the arm.
o Strap muscles are belt-shaped and relatively uniform in width at the belly. Examples: sartorius in the thigh and rectus abdominis in the abdominal wall.
60
What are convergent skeletal muscle fibres?
these muscles are fan-shaped and have a very broad attachment at one end, with fibres converging onto a much smaller attachment at the other. Example: pectoralis major on the anterior chest wall.
61
What are circular skeletal muscle fibres?
the muscle fibres are arranged in concentric rings around a structure and are often called sphincters. When they contract, they close the aperture they surround. Example: the muscles around the eyes and lips.
62
What are pennate skeletal muscle fibres?
the muscle fibres are arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts. They cannot shorten as much as parallel muscles, but they are powerful.
Three subtypes:
o Unipennate – the fibres are arranged diagonally in relation to their tendon and insert onto one side of the tendon only (like a feather, but with fibres on only one side of the central spine). Example: extensor digitorum longus in the leg.
o Bipennate – the fibres are arranged in a V-shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon; they look like a feather. Example: rectus femoris in the thigh.
o Multipennate – these muscles look like multiple bipennate muscles (or multiple feathers) side-by-side, all converging onto one tendon. Example: deltoid in the shoulder.
63
What is a motor unit composed of?
A motor unit is composed of a single motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibres it supplies.
64
What is the upper and lower limb composed of?
Upper limb: the arm, forearm and hand
Lower Limb: thigh, leg, and foot
65
How is the upper limb adapted?
evolved primarily for dexterity and therefore is more mobile:
* the shoulder joint has a shallow socket and relatively lax ligaments which allow a significant range of movement for positioning the hand.
* the fingers are long and perform complex movements.
66
How is the lower limb adapted?
evolved for bipedal locomotion and to support the weight of the body:
* the hip joint has a deep socket and strong ligaments, so it is very stable but less mobile than the shoulder joint.
* the foot and toes are adapted for weight-bearing rather than dexterity.
67
Where is the vertebral column and what does it do?
The vertebral column (also known as the spine or spinal column) spans from the base of the skull to the coccyx. The spine supports the head, neck, and torso, protects the spinal cord, provides an attachment for muscles, and allows movement.
68
What does the vertebral column consist of?
There are 33 vertebrae divided into 5 ‘sections’:
* Cervical - 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck (C1 - C7)
* Thoracic - 12 thoracic vertebrae in the thorax (T1 - T12)
* Lumbar - 5 lumbar vertebrae in the abdomen (L1 - L5)
* Sacral - 5 sacral vertebrae in the pelvis (S1 - S5) which are fused into the sacrum
* Coccygeal - 4 coccygeal vertebrae in the pelvis (Co1 - Co4) which are fused into the coccyx.
69
How is the vertebral column adapted?
The vertebral column is not straight but instead is curved, which helps to absorb shock. The cervical and lumbar segments curve anteriorly, forming a cervical lordosis and a lumbar lordosis. The thoracic and sacral segments curve posteriorly, forming a thoracic kyphosis and a sacral kyphosis.
70
What else is the vertebral column made up of?
Small synovial facet joints, intervertebral discs, and several groups of ligaments connect the vertebrae to each other. The intervertebral discs between the vertebrae support the weight of the body and absorb shock. Movements between individual vertebrae are small, but collectively allow the vertebral column significant movement.
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