Anatomy Terms Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What is the term for muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body?
A
abduction
In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.
2
Q
What is the term for the transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system?
A
absorption
This process feeds the tissues and cells.
3
Q
What is another name for the accessory nerve?
A
eleventh cranial nerve
It is a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
4
Q
What is the term for muscles that draw a body part inward toward the median axis of the body?
A
adduction
In the hand, adduction draws the fingers together.
5
Q
What does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) transport within cells?
A
chemical energy
This is essential for metabolism.
6
Q
What type of tissue is adipose tissue considered?
A
specialized connective tissue
It gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
7
Q
Where are the adrenal glands located?
A
at the top of the kidneys
They assist in the regulation of metabolism, stress response, and blood pressure.
8
Q
What do adrenal glands support through the generation of specific hormones?
A
immune system health
9
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
10
Q
What is the aorta?
A
The body’s largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
11
Q
What are arteries?
A
Thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
12
Q
What are capillaries?
A
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
13
Q
What are body systems?
A
Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
14
Q
What is the brain?
A
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity.
15
Q
What is the brain stem?
A
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.
16
Q
What is the buccal nerve?
A
Affects the muscles of the mouth.
17
Q
What is the buccinator?
A
The thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle.
18
Q
What is the cardiovascular system?
A
Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.
19
Q
What is the carpus?
A
Also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
20
Q
What are ularis muscles?
A
The three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward.
21
Q
What is the omic nervous system?
A
Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
22
Q
What is blood?
A
Nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
23
Q
What are blood vessels?
A
Tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
24
Q
What are biceps?
A
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
25
What is the belly?
The middle part of the muscle.
26
What is the cell membrane?
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
27
What is a cell?
Basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
28
What does CNS stand for?
Abbreviated CNS: cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
29
What are cervical nerves?
A branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
30
What is the function of the cervical cutaneous nerve?
Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
31
What are cervical vertebrae?
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region.
32
What is the circulatory system?
Also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood.
33
What is the clavicle?
Also known as collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.
34
What are common carotid arteries?
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch.
35
What is connective tissue?
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat.
36
What is the corrugator muscle?
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
37
What is the cranium?
Oval, bony case that protects the brain.
38
What is defecation?
Elimination of feces from the body.
39
What is the deltoid?
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
40
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
Abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.
41
What is the depressor anguli oris?
Muscle that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
42
What is the depressor muscle also known as?
Also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin.
43
What is the diaphragm?
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
44
What is digestion?
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means.
45
What are digestive enzymes?
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
46
What is the digestive system?
Also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs.
47
What is the digital nerve?
Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.
48
What are digits?
Also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.
49
What are ductless glands?
Also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream.
50
What is the eleventh cranial nerve?
Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
51
What are endocrine glands?
Also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.
52
What is the endocrine system?
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
53
What are enzymes?
A group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion.
54
What is the epicranius?
Also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitalis and frontalis.
55
What is epithelial tissue?
Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.
56
What is the ethmoid bone?
Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
57
What is the excretory system?
Group of organs-including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs-that purify the body by elimination of waste matter.
58
What is exhalation?
Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.
59
What are exocrine glands?
Also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.
60
What is extension?
When muscles straighten. When the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line, for example.
61
What is the external jugular vein?
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.
62
What is the facial nerve?
It is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
63
What is the fifth cranial nerve?
Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has three branches.
64
What is the mandibular nerve?
man-DIB-yuh-lur NURV
65
What is the masseter?
muh-SEET-ur
## Footnote
One of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
66
What are the maxillae bones?
MAK-suh-lair-ee BONZ
## Footnote
Form the upper jaw.
67
What is the maxillary nerve?
MAK-suh-lair-ee NURV
## Footnote
Affects the upper part of the face.
68
What is the median nerve?
MEE-dee-un NURV
## Footnote
Nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand.
69
What is melasma?
mel-AZ-muh
## Footnote
Also referred to as pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal imbalances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy.
70
What is the mental nerve?
MEN-tul NURV
## Footnote
Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.
71
What is mentalis?
men-TAY-lis
## Footnote
Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin and lower lip.
72
What is metabolism?
muh-TAB-uh-liz-um
## Footnote
(1) Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. (2) The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy.
73
What is metacarpus?
met-uh-KAR-pus
## Footnote
Also known as palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.
74
What are mitochondria?
mahy-tuh-KON-dree-uh
## Footnote
A cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphosphate.
75
What is mitosis?
my-TOH-sus
## Footnote
Cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human tissues.
76
What are motor nerves?
MOH-tur NURVZ
## Footnote
Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement.
77
What is muscle tissue?
MUS-uhl TISH-00
## Footnote
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
78
What is the muscular system?
MUS-kyuh-lur SIS-tum
## Footnote
Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body.
79
What is the nape?
NAYP
## Footnote
Back of the neck.
80
What are nasal bones?
NAY-zul BONZ
## Footnote
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
81
What is the nasal nerve?
NAY-Zul NURV
## Footnote
Affects the point and lower side of the nose.
82
What is the nasalis muscle?
nay-ZAY-lis MUS-uhl
## Footnote
Two-part muscle that covers the nose.
83
What is nerve tissue?
NURV TISH-00
## Footnote
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.
84
What are nerves?
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
85
What is the nervous system?
Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other.
86
What is neurology?
The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
87
What is a neuron?
Also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses.
88
What is nucleoplasm?
Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup.
89
What is a nucleus?
The central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism.
90
What is the occipital bone?
Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.
91
What is occipitalis?
Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward.
92
What does the ophthalmic nerve affect?
Affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
93
What is orbicularis oculi?
Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid.
94
What is orbicularis oris?
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
95
What are organelles?
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function.
96
What are organs?
Structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals.
97
What is the origin of a muscle?
Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle.
98
What are ovaries?
Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics.
99
What is the pancreas?
Secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production.
100
What do parathyroid glands regulate?
Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.
101
What are parietal bones?
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.
102
What are pectoralis major and minor?
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
103
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Abbreviated PNS; system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves.
104
peristalsis
105
payril STAWL-sis
106
phalanges (singular: phalanx
107
FAY-langks)
108
FA-lanj-eez
109
physiology
110
fiz-ee-AHL-uh-jee
111
pineal gland
112
PY-nee-ul GLAND
113
pituitary gland
114
puh-TOO-uh-tair-ee GLAND
115
plasma
116
PLAZ-muh
117
platelets
118
PLAYT-lets
119
platysma
120
plah-TIZ-muh
121
posterior auricular nerve
122
poh-STEER-ee-ur aw-rik-yuh-LAYR
123
NURV
124
procerus
125
proh-SEE-rus
126
pronate
127
proh-NAYT
128
protoplasm
129
PROH-toh-plaz-um
130
pulmonary circulation
131
PUL-muh-nayr-ee sur-kyoo-LAY-shun
132
quadratus labii superioris
133
kwah-DRA-tus LAY-bee-eye soo-eeree-
134
OR-iS
135
radial nerve
136
RAY-dee-ul NURV
137
radius
138
RAY-dee-us
139
receptors
140
ree-SEP-turz
141
red blood cells
142
RED BLUD SELLS
143
Pg. 68
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pg. 40
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pg. 28
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pg. 64
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pg. 64
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moves food along the digestive tract
149
in each thumb
totaling 14 bones
150
also known as digits; the bones in the fingers
three in each finger and
151
study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures.
152
a gland located in the brain; plays a major role in sexual developmem
153
sleep
and metabolism
154
a gland found in the center of the head: the most complex organ of
155
the endocrine system; affects almost every physiologic process of the
156
body: growth
blood pressure
157
production
sexual organ functions in both women and men
158
function
and the conversion of food into energy metabolism
159
fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries foc and secretions to the
160
cells and carbon dioxide from the cells
161
also known as thrombocytes; much smaller than red blood cells; contrio.:
162
to the blood-clotting process
which stops bleeding
163
broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the se
164
of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
165
affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull
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Pg. 57
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Pg. 57
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pg. 44
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pg. 52
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pg. 43
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pg. 47
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Pg. 29
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pg. 56
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pg. 43
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pg. 54
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Pg. 40
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Pg. 49
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78
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PART 1 Skin Foundations
180
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose
depresses the eyebrows
181
causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
182
when muscles turn inward. for example
when the palm faces downward
183
colorless
jellylike substance in cells; contains nutrients such as proten
184
fats
carbohydrates
185
sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified
then back to
186
the heart again
187
a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper In s
188
sometimes called the levator labii superioris
189
a sensory-motor nerve that
with its branches
190
the arm and back of the hand
191
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
192
de
193
sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin
194
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and
195
transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
