Anatomy Test Flashcards
(261 cards)
1
Q
Identification List
A
1.Frontal bone
4.Sphenoid bone
5.Occipital bone
8.Maxilla (x2)
9.Zygomatic bone
10.Inferior nasal concha (x2)
11.Nasal bone (x2)
12.Ethmoid bone
14.Vomer
2
Q
Identification List
A
1.Sphenoid bone
2.Parietal bone (x2)
3.Temporal bone (x2)
5.Occipital bone
6.Ethmoid bone
7.Lacrimal bone (x2)
8.Maxilla (x2)
13.Mandible (x2)
3
Q
Name the 14 facial bones?
Identification List
A
Nasal bone (x2)
Palatine bone (x2)
Lacrimal bones (x2)
Zygomatic bones (x2)
Maxilla bone (x2)
Inferior nasal conchae (x2)
Vomer bone
Mandible
4
Q
Name the 8 cranial bones?
Identification List
A
Parietal bones (x2)
Temporal bones (x2)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
5
Q
What bones contribute to the anterior cranial fossa?
Identification List
A
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
6
Q
What bones contribute to the middle anterior fossa?
Identification List
A
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
7
Q
What bones contribute to the posterior cranial fossa?
Identification List
A
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
8
Q
Identification List
A
- Frontal PS
- Sphenoid PS
9
Q
Identification List
A
- Maxillary PS
- Sphenoid PS
- Ethmoid PS
- Frontal PS
10
Q
Identification List
A
- Sphenoid PS
- Frontal PS
11
Q
Identification List
A
Ethmoid PS
12
Q
Cranial foramina that CN I (olfactory) passes?
Identification List
A
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
13
Q
Cranial foramina that CN V (trigeminal) passes?
Identification List
A
V1 (ophthalmic) = superior orbital fissure
V2 (maxillary) = foramen rotundum
V3 (mandibular) = foramen ovale
14
Q
Cranial foramina that CN IX (glossopharyngeal) passes?
Identification List
A
Jugular foramen
15
Q
Cranial foramina that CN X (vagus) passes?
Identification List
A
Jugular foramen
16
Q
Identification List
A
17
Q
Identification List
A
18
Q
Identification List
A
Sella turcica
19
Q
Function of CN I (olfactory)?
Identification List
A
Transmits olfaction (sense of smell)
20
Q
Function of CN V (trigeminal)?
Identification List
A
Chewing and the sensation of the face
21
Q
Function of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?
Identification List
A
- Shortens and widens the pharynx during swallowing
- Elevate the larynx during swallowing
22
Q
Function of CN X (vagus)?
Identification List
A
Stimulate smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions in several organs
23
Q
Mnemonic for cranial nerve functions?
Identification List
A
Some (CN I)
Say
Marry
Money
But (CN V)
My
Brother
Says
Big (CN IX)
Brains (CN X)
Matter
More
24
Q
Identification List
A
- CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
- CN I (olfactory)
- CN V (trigeminal)
- CN X (vagus)
25
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Middle nasal meatus
2. Superior nasal meatus
3. Inferior nasal meatus
26
Which paranasal sinuses drain into each of the meatuses?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior NM = posterior ethmoid PS
Middle NM = frontal (via frontonasal duct), anterior ethmoid (via ethmoidal bulla), middle ethmoid (via ethmoidal bulla) and maxillary PS (via semilunar hiatus)
Inferior NM = nasolacrimal duct
Sphenoethmoidal recess = sphenoid PS
27
Which sinus is most likely to become infected? Why?
## Footnote
Identification List
Maxillary. Gravity does not assist drainage and ostium is quite small meaning it is easily blocked (polyps/inflammation etc)
28
## Footnote
Identification List
Opening for pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube
29
What does the pharyngotympanic tube connect?
## Footnote
Identification List
Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
30
Why does opening and closing your jaw help to ‘pop’ your ears?
## Footnote
Identification List
Eustachian or Pharyngotympanic tube connects the pharynx with the middle ear. Opening and closing the jaw can cause the tube to ‘repressurize’
31
What are the pharynx and larynx continuous with?
## Footnote
Identification List
Pharynx = oesophagus
Larynx = tracha
32
What is the main function of the larynx?
## Footnote
Identification List
Phonation
33
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Pharyngeal tonsil
2. Lingual tonsil
34
## Footnote
Identification List
Palatine tonsil
35
Which tonsil is located at the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube?
## Footnote
Identification List
Pharyngeal tonsil
36
Identify the boundaries/surface anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior = inferior border of the mandible
Medial = sagittal line of the neck
Lateral = anterior border of the SCM
37
What are the sub triangles of the anterior triangle of the neck?
## Footnote
Identification List
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
Submental
38
Contents of the submandibular triangle?
## Footnote
Identification List
Submandibular (salivary) gland
Lymph nodes
Facial artery
39
Contents of the carotid triangle?
## Footnote
Identification List
Common carotid artery
Bifurcation of common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
CN X (vagus)
CN XII (hypoglossal)
40
Contents of the muscular triangle?
## Footnote
Identification List
SPPIT
Suprahyoid muscles
Pharynx
Parathyroid gland
Infrahyoid muscles
Thyroid gland
41
Contents of the submental triangle?
## Footnote
Identification List
Submental lymph nodes
42
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
## Footnote
Identification List
Anterior = SCM
Posterior = anterior border of the trapezius
Inferior = middle 1/3 of the clavicle
43
Contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?
## Footnote
Identification List
PLC, BED, SSS
Post belly omohyoid
Levator scapulae
CN XI
Brachial Plexus
External jugular
Distal subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Splenius capitis
Scalene muscles
44
What is the major nervous structure in the posterior triangle of the neck?
## Footnote
Identification List
Brachial plexus
45
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Hyoid bone
3. Cricoid cartilage
4. Cricothyroid muscle
46
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Epiglottis
2. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
3. Cricoid cartilage
4. Thyroid cartilage
5. Oblique arytenoid muscle
6. Transverse arytenoid muscle
7. Corniculate cartilage
8. Hyoid bone
47
## Footnote
Identification List
48
## Footnote
Identification List
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
49
## Footnote
Identification List
50
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Splenius Capitis
2. Levator Scapulae
3. Middle Scalene
4. Anterior Scalene
5. Inferior belly of Omohyoid
51
What nerve innervates the larynx?
## Footnote
Identification List
CN X (vagus)
52
What intrinsic muscles do the branches of the vagus nerve supply to the larynx?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle
Inferior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid)
53
## Footnote
Identification List
1. CN X (Vagus) nerve
2. Superior laryngeal nerve
3. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
4. Inferior laryngeal nerve
54
What arteries supply blood to the larynx?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior laryngeal artery
Inferior laryngeal artery
55
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Subclavian artery
2. Thyrocervical artery
3. Inferior thyroid artery
4. Common carotid artery (the slides have it labelled as the external carotid artery)
5. Superior thyroid artery
6. Superior laryngeal artery
7. Inferior laryngeal artery
56
Identify the pathway of the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries?
## Footnote
Identification List
Subclavian artery --> Thyrocervical artery --> Inferior thyroid artery --> Inferior laryngeal artery
External carotid artery --> Superior thyroid artery --> Superior laryngeal artery
57
What veins drain blood from the larynx?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior laryngeal vein
Inferior laryngeal vein
58
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Internal jugular vein
2. Superior thyroid vein
3. Superior laryngeal vein
4. Inferior laryngeal vein
5. Inferior thyroid vein
6. Brachiocephalic vein
59
Identify the pathway of the superior and inferior laryngeal veins?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior laryngeal vein --> Superior thyroid vein --> Internal jugular vein
Inferior laryngeal vein --> Inferior thyroid vein --> Brachiocephalic vein
60
What is this?
## Footnote
Identification List
Vallecula recess:
A gap (i.e. recess) that sits behind the tongue and in front of the epiglottis (between them both).
61
## Footnote
Identification List
Piriform recess
62
What is the clinical significance of the piriform and vallecula recesses in stroke patients?
## Footnote
Identification List
63
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic inlet?
## Footnote
Identification List
Anterior = superior border of the manubrium
Posterior = first thoracic vertebrae
Lateral = First ribs and their costal cartilages
64
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic inlet?
## Footnote
Identification List
Anterior = xiphoid process of the sternum
Posterior = 12th thoracic vertebrae
Medial-lateral = ribs 7-10 costal cartilages
Lateral = 12th pair or ribs
65
## Footnote
Identification List
1.Aortic hiatus
4.Central tendon
6.Muscular part (sternal, costal)
11.Caval hiatus
12.Left crura
14.Median arcuate ligament
15.Oesophageal hiatus
18.Right crura
66
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Central tendon
2. Muscular part (mostly costal)
3. Right crura
4. Left crura
5. Median arcuate ligament
A. Caval hiatus
B. Oesophageal hiatus
C. Aortic hiatus
67
Which spinal cord nerve roots innervate the diaphragm?
## Footnote
Identification List
Phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical spinal cord nerve roots (C3, C4 and C5)
***Left phrenic nerve supplies the left central dome
*** Right phrenic nerve supplies the right central dome
68
At what level of the vertebrae are the hiatuses located?
## Footnote
Identification List
Caval = T8
Oesophageal = T10
Aortic = T12
69
What structures pass through the caval hiatus?
## Footnote
Identification List
Inferior vena cava
Terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve
70
What structures pass through the oesophageal hiatus?
## Footnote
Identification List
Oesophagus
Left and right vagus trunks
Oesophageal branches of the gastric vessels
Lymph vessels
71
What structures pass through the aortic hiatus?
## Footnote
Identification List
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein
72
What are the primary muscles involved in respiration?
## Footnote
Identification List
Diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscle
External intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle
73
What are the accessory muscles involved in respiration?
## Footnote
Identification List
Scalene muscle
Subcostal muscle
Transversus thoracis
74
What are the muscles used in normal respiration?
Normal inhalation = diaphragm, external intercostal muscle
Normal exhalation = passive movement
75
What are the muscles used in forced respiration?
Forced inhalation = transversus thoracis, subcostal muscle, scalene muscle
Forced exhalation = internal intercostal muscle, abdominal muscles
76
## Footnote
Identification List
A. External intercostal muscle
B. Internal intercostal muscle
77
## Footnote
Identification List
A. Scalene muscle
B. Subcostal muscle
C. Transversus thoracis
78
Describe the fibre orientation of external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
## Footnote
Identification List
Differentiate from the direction that the muscular fibres run in:
External IM= run from the nuts (inside) to the armpits (outside).
Internal IM = run from hip (outside) up towards the sternum (inside).
Innermost IM = runs in the same direction as the internal intercostal muscle.
79
Describe the fibre orientation of the abdominal muscles?
## Footnote
Identification List
Rectus abdominis = runs vertically
Transversus abdominis = runs horizontally
External oblique = runs downwards from a lateral to medial position
Internal oblique = runs upward from a lateral to medial position
80
What can the parietal pleura be divided into?
## Footnote
Identification List
Mediastinal pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Cervical pleura
81
What is the innervation of visceral pleura?
## Footnote
Identification List
Pulmonary plexus (autonomic)
82
What is the innervation of mediastinal and central diaphragmatic parietal pleura?
## Footnote
Identification List
Phrenic nerve
83
What is the innervation of cervical, costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura?
## Footnote
Identification List
Intercostal nerve
84
## Footnote
Identification List
85
How can you tell the difference between the two lungs in isolation?
## Footnote
Identification List
Right lung has 3 lobes (left has 2)
Right lung has 2 fissures (left has 1)
Left lung has a cardiac notch
Left lung has a lingula
Left lung is smaller than the right
86
What are the major differences between the right and left lung?
## Footnote
Identification List
Right lung is larger than the left
Right lung has 3 lobes (left has 2)
Right lung has 2 fissures (left has 1)
87
Which lobes make up the majority of the posterior border of the lungs?
## Footnote
Identification List
The inferior lobes of both the left and right lung
88
## Footnote
Identification List
2. Aortic arch
89
## Footnote
Identification List
6. Cardiac impression
7. Cardiac notch
8. Aortic arch impression
9. Azygos arch impression
13. Diaphragmatic surface/impression
90
## Footnote
Identification List
14. Left bronchial artery
15. Left inferior pulmonary vein
16. Left main bronchus
17. Left pulmonary artery
18. Left superior pulmonary vein
91
## Footnote
Identification List
17 Right inferior pulmonary vein
18 Right intermediate bronchus
19 Right pulmonary artery
20 Right superior intermediate bronchus
21 Right superior pulmonary vein
92
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Anterior border
2. Apex
3. Area for thymus & fatty tissue of anterior mediastinum
4. Area for trachea & oesophagus
5. Bronchopulmonary lymph node
6. Cardiac impression
7. Cardiac notch
8. Groove for arch of aorta
9. Groove for brachiocephalic vein
10. Groove for descending aorta
11. Groove for first rib
12. Groove for left subclavian artery
13. Inferior border, diaphragmatic surface
14. Left bronchial artery
15. Left inferior pulmonary vein
16. Left primary bronchus
17. Left pulmonary artery
18. Left superior pulmonary vein
19. Lingula
20. Oblique fissure
21. Pulmonary ligament
93
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Anterior border (displaced medially)
2. Apex
3. Area and groove for oesophagus
4. Area for thymus and fatty tissue of anterior mediastinum
5. Area for trachea
6. Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
7. Diaphragmatic surface
8. Groove for azygos vein
9. Groove for brachiocephalic vein
10. Groove for inferior vena cava
11. Groove for right subclavian artery
12. Groove for superior vena cava
13. Horizontal fissure
14. Inferior border
15. Oblique fissure
16. Pulmonary ligament
17. Right inferior pulmonary vein
18. Right intermediate bronchus (shouldn't 18 be the right inferior secondary bronchus?)
19. Right pulmonary artery
20. Right superior secondary bronchus
21. Right superior pulmonary vein
94
How can you identify the pulmonary arteries on the medial surface of the left and right lungs?
## Footnote
Identification List
- The pulmonary artery typically leaves the largest hole/impression on the hilum of the left and right lung.
- The veins are the next biggest holes in the hilum.
- The bronchus typically leave the smallest holes or irregular holes.
95
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Trachea
2. Left primary bronchus
3. Right primary bronchus
4. Right superior secondary bronchus
5. Right middle secondary bronchus
6. Left superior secondary bronchus
7. Left inferior secondary bronchus
8. Right tertiary bronchus
9. Left tertiary bronchus
96
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Right border
2. Superior border
3. Left border
4. Apex
5. Inferior border
97
Where are the borders of the heart located?
## Footnote
Identification List
Right border = right atrium
Left border = left ventricle and tip of the left auricle
Superior border = site of entry of the great vessels of the heart
Inferior border = right ventricle
Apex = inferolateral part of the left ventricle
98
## Footnote
Identification List
Left atrium of the heart (aka base of the heart)
99
Which intercostal space is the apex accessible?
## Footnote
Identification List
The 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line of the left side of the chest
100
Describe the location of the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
–> The heart sits on the central tendon of the diaphragm.
–> Is positioned posteriorly to the sternal body.
–> 1/3 is to the right & 2/3 is to the left of the midline.
–> Its base is positioned posterior and slightly up (located anterior to the thoracic spine).
–> Its apex points anteriorly, to the left and inferiorly (in the 5th left intercostal space).
101
Which chamber makes up most of the anterior surface of the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
Right ventricle
102
Which chamber makes up most of the posterior surface of the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
Left atrium
103
## Footnote
Identification List
1.Auricle of the right atrium
2.Crista terminalis
3.Fossa ovalis
4.Inferior vena cava
6.Coronary sinus
7.Pectinate muscles
10.Superior vena cava
104
## Footnote
Identification List
3.Ascending (thoracic) aorta
4.Auricle of left atrium
11.Left ventricle
17.Pulmonary trunk
18.Right atrium
22.Right ventricle
25.Superior vena cava
105
## Footnote
Identification List
1.Tricuspid valve
2.Papillary muscles
5.Chordae tendineae
106
## Footnote
Identification List
107
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Base of the heart
2. Diaphragmatic surface of the heart
108
## Footnote
Identification List
109
## Footnote
Identification List
110
## Footnote
Identification List
111
## Footnote
Identification List
112
## Footnote
Identification List
113
## Footnote
Identification List
114
## Footnote
Identification List
*Go over the carneae trabeculae muscle
115
2.Papillary muscles
4.Chordae tendineae
6.Trabeculae carneae
11.Bicuspid valve
12.Papillary muscles
116
## Footnote
Identification List
117
What chamber of the heart are pectinate muscles most prevalent?
## Footnote
Identification List
Left and right atrium
118
What part of the conduction system is found at the superior aspect of the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
Sinoatrial (SA) node
119
What other names do the left and right atrioventricular valves have?
## Footnote
Identification List
Left atrioventriuclar valve:
Bicuspid valve, mitral valve
Right atrioventricular valve:
Tricuspid valve
120
What type of valves are the pulmonary and aortic valves?
## Footnote
Identification List
Semilunar valves
121
How many pulmonary arteries are there exiting the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
2:
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
122
How many pulmonary veins are there entering the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
4
Left superior pulmonary vein
Left inferior pulmonary vein
Right superior pulmonary vein
Right inferior pulmonary vein
123
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Ascending (thoracic) aorta
2. Aortic arch
3. Right brachiocephalic trunk
4. Left subclavian artery
5. Left common carotid artery
6. Right common carotid artery
7. Descending (abdominal) aorta
124
Which three arteries branch from the aorta?
## Footnote
Identification List
1. (Right) brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
125
## Footnote
Identification List
126
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Left common carotid artery
2. Left external carotid artery
3. Left internal carotid artery
127
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
3. Lingual artery
4. Facial artery
5. Occipital artery
6. Posterior auricular artery
7. Maxillary artery
8. Superficial temporal artery
128
Name the foetal remnants of the heart?
## Footnote
Identification List
Foramen ovalis --> fossa ovale
Ductus arteriosus --> ligamentum arteriosum
Pectinate muscles
129
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Ligamentum arteriosum
*Ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant left a few days after birth
* Ductus arteriosus is the initial aspect before birth
130
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Interventricular septum
131
What are the compartments of the mediastinum?
## Footnote
Identification List
Superior compartment
Inferior compartment (can further be divided into the anterior, middle and posterior compartments)
132
What are the contents in the superior compartment of the mediastinum?
## Footnote
Identification List
TRAPBALLS OVT
Trachea
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Aorta
Phrenic nerve
Brachiocephalic vein
Azygos vein
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Oesophagus
Vagus
Thoracic duct (lymp)
133
What are the contents in the posterior compartment of the mediastinum?
## Footnote
Identification List
Oesophagus
Sympathetic chain
Azygous veins
134
What are the contents in the middle compartment of the mediastinum?
## Footnote
Identification List
Pericardium
Heart
Root of great vessels
135
What are the contents in the anterior compartment of the mediastinum?
## Footnote
Identification List
Remnants of thymus
Lymph nodes
136
## Footnote
Identification List
Deoxygenated blood = right side of the heart (vena cava to the pulmonary arteries)
Oxygenated blood = left side of the heart (pulmonary veins to the aorta)
137
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Ascending (thoracic) aorta
2. (Right) brachiocephalic trunk
3. Left common carotid artery
4. Left subclavian artery
5. Left axillary artery
6. Right subclavian artery
7. Right common carotid artery
8. Descending (abdominal) aorta
9. Aortic arch
10. Pulmonary trunk
11. Right pulmonary artery
12. Left pulmonary artery
13. Ligamentum arteriosum
138
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Bronchial artery
2. Mediastinal artery
3. Oesophageal artery
4. Pericardial artery
5. Superior phrenic artery
6. Posterior intercostal artery
139
1. Right renal artery
2. Left renal artery
3. Celiac trunk artery
4. Superior mesenteric artery
5. Left gonadal artery
6. Right gonadal artery
7. Inferior mesenteric artery
140
1. Right common iliac artery
2. Left common iliac artery
3. Left internal iliac artery
4. Right internal iliac artery
5. Right external iliac artery
6. Left external iliac artery
141
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Right common carotid artery
2. Right internal carotid artery
3. Right external carotid artery
142
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Right coronary artery
2. Right marginal artery
3. Left coronary artery
4. Anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery)
5. Left marginal artery
143
## Footnote
Identification List
2.Anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery)
12.Right marginal artery
19.Right coronary artery
***Hard to see the left coronary artery and left marginal artery on a cadaver
144
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Circumflex artery
2. Left coronary artery
3. Right coronary artery
4. Posterior interventricular artery (or posterior descending artery)
145
## Footnote
Identification List
146
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Coronary sinus
2. Great cardiac vein
3. Middle cardiac vein
4. Posterior interventricular artery
5. Right coronary artery
6. Left pulmonary artery (confirm if this is right)
147
Which cardiac artery is known as the 'widow maker'?
## Footnote
Identification List
Left anterior descending artery
148
Why is the left anterior descending artery referred to as the 'widow maker'?
## Footnote
Identification List
A heart attack which causes 100% blockage of this artery is severe, if not fatal, because this artery supplies 50% of the heart's blood supply
149
## Footnote
Identification List
1. Great cardiac vein
2. Small cardiac vein
150
## Footnote
Identification List
7. Great cardiac vein
24. Small cardiac vein
151
## Footnote
Identification List
3. Left marginal vein
4. Left posterior ventricular vein
5. Middle cardiac vein
6. Coronary sinus
152
## Footnote
Identification List
153
Describe the location of the great cardiac vein?
## Footnote
Identification List
Lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus
154
Describe the location of the small cardiac vein?
## Footnote
Identification List
Runs along the right margin of the anterior surface
155
Where does the coronary sinus drain blood into?
## Footnote
Identification List
Drains deoxygenated blood directly into the right atrium
156
Describe the location of the middle cardiac vein?
## Footnote
Identification List
Runs along the posterior interventricular sulcus
157
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Floor = hard palate
Lateral wall = Ethmoid, lacrimal, inferior conchae, perpendicular plate of palatine, medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid
Medial wall = Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage
Roof = Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone, frontal, sphenoid and nasal bones
158
What type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nose?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
159
What type of epithelium lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Olfactory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
160
What type of epithelium lines the floor, lateral and medial walls?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
161
What supplies blood to the nasal cavity?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Branches of the ophthalmic, maxillary and facial arteries
162
To what areas do the trigeminal branches provided somatosensory innervation to?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
V1 = anterior cartilaginous septum
V2 = soft palate
V3 = anterior tongue
163
What anatomical plane does the
nasal septum lie on?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
(Mid) sagittal line
164
What do we call it when the nasal septum is shifted off this plane?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Deviated septum
165
Which bones create the superior, middle and inferior concha?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Sup & Mid = ethmoid bone
Inf = inferior nasal concha (separate individual bone)
166
Do you think dogs would have more or less concha/meatus?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
167
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
5.Ethmoidal bulla
6.Frontonasal duct
12.Opening of the middle meatus
15.Semilunar hiatus
16.Sphenoethmoidal recess
168
What is a tonsil?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
A mass of lymphoid tissue
169
What is the function of tonsils?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
To act as a front-line defense for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
170
Why is it important to note the orientation of the brachial plexus and scalene muscles?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
If the scalene muscles contract, they may pinch the brachial plexus (C3, C4 and C5) causing referred pain to be felt at the heart, even though the pain may be parts of the arm, shoulder or back
171
How is the orientation of the brachial plexus and scalene muscles likely to present in a patient with advanced and chronic pulmonary issues?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Chronic use of the scalene muscles can tighten the fibrous tissue around the brachial plexus, potentially leading to nerve impingement or thoracic outlet syndrome-like symptoms
172
How do the muscles of the posterior
triangle assist in respiration?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
They help elevate the ribs
173
What is the etymology of:
Cricoid?
Thyroid?
Arytenoid?
Corniculate?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Cricoid = Ring
Thyroid = Shield
Arytenoid = Funnel
Corniculate = Horn
174
What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Mediastinum
Left pulmonary cavity
Right pulmonary cavity
175
Why does the inferior vena cava pass through the central tendon (rather than muscle)?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Minimal impedance to blood flow
--> Slight constriction of a muscle could significantly affect the return of blood to the heart, potentially leading to increased venous pressure and related complications
176
What is another important function of the oesophageal hiatus?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Helps prevent gastroesophageal reflux (the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus)
177
Why are the thoracic and abdominal walls different in structure?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
1. The organs they protect.
2. Their roles in different physiological processes (i.e. respiration or digestion).
178
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
179
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
180
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
181
How can the ribs be divided
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-10)
Floating ribs (11-12)
182
What might be the purpose of the floating ribs?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
1. Protect the kidneys
2. Lack of sternal attachment = greater flexibility in the lower part of the rib cage
3. Provides muscle attachments for several muscles of the torso
4. Helps in the mechanical aspect of breathing by moving slightly during deep breathing
183
Why are the processes angled more inferiorly on the thoracic vertebrae?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Restriction of excessive flexion/extension
--> Overlapping spinous processes = limits hyperextension (backward bending) and excessive flexion (forward bending)
184
Say you need to insert a chest drain to remove air from the pleural space (pneumothorax), as in the image to the right.
What would be the safest place to insert this drain through the thoracic wall?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Mid-inferior aspect of intercostal space
185
How does the diaphragm receive its blood supply?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Superiorly:
--> Phrenic branches of the internal thoracic artery
Inferiorly:
--> Superior phrenic arteries from thoracic aorta
--> Inferior phrenic arteries from abdominal aorta
186
Dysfunction of this nerve results in the diaphragm being unable to contract. Compare the lobes of the diaphragm in the image below and state whether the dysfunction is affecting the left or right branch of the nerve?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Dysfunction of the right phrenic nerve because the right lobe is not contracting down
187
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
4.External intercostal muscle
6.Internal intercostal muscle
7.Innermost intercostal muscle
9.Intercostal vein
10.Intercostal artery
11.Intercostal nerve
16.Azygous vein
IX.9th rib
188
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
*Revise musculophrenic artery, pericardiacophrenic artery, superior and inferior phrenic arteries and left phrenic artery
189
What happens when the external intercostal muscles are contracted?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The ribs are elevated and quiet (normal) inhalation occurs
190
Where can you find serous cavities in the body?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Pericardial cavity (contains serous fluid that lubricates the heart, allowing it to beat easily)
Peritoneal cavity (contains serous fluid which facilitates the free movement of the abdominal organs against each other and the abdominal walls)
Pleural cavity (contains pleural fluid, which acts as a lubricant and allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during respiratory movements)
191
Identity the level of pain sensitivity in the pleura?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Parietal pleura = sensitive to pain
Visceral pleura = insensitive to pain
192
Why is the visceral pleura insensitive to pain?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Because its innervated by the pulmonary plexus which is autonomic (hence lacks nociceptors)
193
As the airways decrease in diameter, so does the amount of cartilage in their walls. Compare the functional significance of cartilage and smooth muscle in the airways?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Cartilage:
Provides rigidity and maintains an open passageway in larger airways
Smooth muscle:
Primarily provides the elasticity in smaller airways, allowing the respiratory system to adjust airflow efficiently in response to varying needs and conditions
194
What is the function of type I pneumatocytes?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Involved in gas exchange
195
What is the function of type II pneumatocytes?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Produce surfactant to maintain surface tension
196
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Ingest foreign material and microbes that enter the lungs
197
What does the respiratory membrane include?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Type I pneumatocytes
Endothelial cells
Basement membrane
198
Compare the oxygenation of blood in bronchial vessels and pulmonary vessels?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Bronchial vessels:
--> Part of the systemic circulation
--> Supplies the lung tissues with oxygenated blood
--> Removes carbon dioxide via bronchial veins
Pulmonary vessels:
--> Deals primarily with gas exchange
--> Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs (via pulmonary arteries) and oxygenated blood back to the heart (via pulmonary veins)
199
What is the innervation of the bronchial tree and visceral pleura?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Pulmonary plexus
200
What is the pulmonary plexus?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
A network of autonomic nerves derived from:
--> Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
--> Upper thoracic and cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (sympathetic)
201
Consider the ‘fight or flight’ role of the sympathetic nervous system. How would this influence the diameter of bronchioles and arterioles in the lung?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The increased sympathetic tone causes the relaxation of airway smooth muscle, which causes dilation of the bronchioles and arterioles, reducing airway resistance
202
What are the contents of the superior thoracic inlet?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Arteries = Internal thoracic, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian
Veins = Brachiocephalic vein, SVC
Nerves = Vagus, phrenic, sympathetic trunk
Viscera = Trachea, oesophagus, apex of lungs
203
What are the contents of the inferior thoracic inlet?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The 3 diaphragmatic hiatuses and all of their contents
204
Where does the sternal angle occur?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
205
Which rib does the sternal angle articulate with?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The 2nd rib
206
What is the bifurcation of the trachea called?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The carina
207
What is the imaginary line that passes through the sternal angle?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Transverse thoracic plane
208
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
9.Fibrous pericardium
33.Serous pericardium
209
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
2.Ascending aorta
8.Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)
9.Fibrous pericardium
15.Left lung
16.Left phrenic nerve
18.Left vagus nerve (CN X)
29. Right lung
30.Right phrenic nerve
32.Right vagus nerve (CN X)
33.Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
34.Superior vena cava
210
What tissue type makes up the fibrous pericardium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Dense irregular connective tissue
211
What tissue type makes up the serous pericardium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Simple squamous epithelium
212
What is the nerve supply to the pericardium (sensory/autonomic)?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Fibrous pericardium & parietal serous pericardium = phrenic nerve (sensory innervation)
Visceral serous pericardium = vagus nerves and sympathetic trunk (autonomic innervation)
*Vagus nerve also provides minor sensory contributions
213
What is the function of fibrous and serous pericardium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Fibrous = Prevents your heart from expanding too much
Serous = Produces pericardial fluid that lubricates your heart as it beats
214
What is the function of the pericardial fluid?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction of cardiac surface during systole and diastole
215
Describe the location of the pericardium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
A fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and the roots of the major blood vessels that extend from your heart
216
Describe the components of the pericardium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
217
What does 'parietal' mean? Why do we use it in different parts of the body?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Parietal = "belonging to the wall"
'Parietal' is used to distinguish different structures that line the same space within your body
218
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
14.Phrenic nerves (provides sensory innervation)
22.Vagus nerves (provides autonomic innervation and minor sensory innervation)
31.Sympathetic trunk (provides sympathetic innervation)
219
Which components of the conducting system (of the heart) would be found in the right atrium?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
220
Explain why the width of the myocardial walls in both the left and right ventricles differ?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The right ventricle has a thinner wall because it pumps blood through the low-resistance pulmonary system, while the left ventricle has a thicker wall to generate higher pressure needed for the high-resistance systemic circulation.
221
Where would referred pain be felt for the heart?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Cardiac and pericardium pain is referred to dermatomes innervated by C3, 4 and 5 – this includes the shoulder and upper limb (left sided), jaw and middle back
222
What is the purpose of the foramen ovalis in foetal life?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Allows deoxygenatedblood to bypass the non-functional lungs in fetal life by enabling blood flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium
223
What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in foetal life?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Directs blood away from the non-functional fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta
224
What is the oxygenation of each vessel before and after birth:
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
PIPAS
PA = mixed --> deoxygenated
PV = deoxygenated --> oxygenated
SVC = deoxygenated --> deoxygenated
IVC = mixed --> deoxygenated
A = mixed --> oxygenated
225
What is the function of the ductus venosus?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
It connects the umbilical vein with the IVC towards the heart
Allows oxygenated blood to by-pass the non-functional liver when going from the umbilical vein to the right atrium
226
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
4.Left axillary artery
5.Brachiocephalic trunk
9.Left inferior thyroid artery
14.Left internal thoracic artery
17.Left common carotid artery
22.Left subclavian artery
31.Right common carotid artery
34.Right subclavian artery
227
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
13.Left intercostal nerve
19.Left phrenic nerve
23.Left vagus nerve
228
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
At the level of the C4 vertebra
229
What does the external carotid artery supply?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Viscerocranium (i.e. structures outside the cranial cavity)
230
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Neurocranium (i.e. supplies the brain and structures inside the cranial cavity)
231
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
3.Right common carotid artery
5.Right external carotid artery
18.Right internal carotid artery
232
Explain why the face is well perfused and has extensive anastomoses?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Because the face requires a robusts blood supply for nourishment, thermoregulation, and healing
233
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
3. Lingual artery
4. Facial artery
5. Occipital artery
6. Posterior auricular artery
7. Maxillary artery
8. Superficial temporal artery
234
What memory device can be used to
recall the order of the major branches of the external carotid artery?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Some
Anatomists
Love
Freaking
Out
Poor
Medical
Students
235
Both the carotid body and carotid sinus are innervated by sensory neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve. How would you classify these sensory neurons?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Visceral sensory (unipolar) neurons
236
The receptors form part of a reflex arc, where a change in stimulus is detected and results in an involuntary outcome. What might be the outcome if the carotid body detects low oxygen levels? Which structures will become more active to support this?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
It triggers a reflex that results in increased respiratory rate and depth to enhance oxygen uptake.
Involves the activation of the respiratory centers in the brainstem, which stimulate the muscles of respiration (i.e. diaphragm, intercostal muscles)
237
Long flights increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where blood clots form in the deep veins of the leg. Why might this be the case?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Due to prolonged immobility, which leads to poor circulation and blood pooling in the legs
238
What is the function of the portal circulation?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Enables the liver to remove any harmful substances that may have been digested before the blood enters the main blood circulation around the body
239
What is the purpose of the hepatic portal vein?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Transports deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver
240
What is the purpose of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal tract?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland (hypophysis)
241
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
2.Brachiocephalic trunk
10.Left axillary vein
11.Left brachiocephalic vein
13.Left external jugular vein
14.Left internal jugular vein
18.Left subclavian vein
24.Pulmonary vein
25.Right axillary vein
26.Right brachiocephalic vein
28.Right external jugular vein
29.Right internal jugular vein
33.Right subclavian vein
36.Superior vena cava
242
Which major vein in the upper thoracic region does not have a corresponding artery?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Azygous vein
243
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
1. Arch of azygos vein
244
Both the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins empty into the azygos vein. What is the direction of the shunt?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
From left to right
This enables blood from the left side of the thorax to join the azygos system and then continue upwards into the superior vena cava, which empties into the right atrium of the heart.
245
Why do capillary walls only contain an endothelial layer?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
It allows for effective exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue cells
246
Describe the importance of smooth muscle in vessel walls?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Smooth muscle in vessel walls allows the body to respond to changes in blood flow and blood pressure
247
What are the types of capillaries?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries
248
Where are continuous capillaries located and why?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Uninterrupted endothelial lining (i.e. no pores) allows them to control the passage of substances in muscles, lungs, skin and the central nervous system
249
Where are fenestrated capillaries located and why?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The presence of small pores facilitate the quick transfer of small molecules between blood and tissues in the kidneys, intestines and endocrine glands
250
Where are sinusoidal capillaries located and why?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The large pores and a discontinuous basement membrane allows the free movement of larger molecules and cells in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
251
What is the function of this anastomosis?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Connect 2 body channels together
They serve as backup routes for blood flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised
252
What layer of neck fascia does the internal carotid travel? What other structures share this space?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The carotid sheath
It also surrounds the common carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
253
What bony landmark in the neck do the vertebral arteries pass through?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
254
What do chemoreceptors detect?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
O2, CO2, pH
255
What is the point of lymph?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Collects interstitial fluid from your tissues and drains them to your blood
256
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the body that collects lymph into the thoracic duct?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Thoracic duct:
1. Begins at the cisterna chyli in the abdominal cavity
2. Duct ascends through the aortic hiatus in the posterior mediastinum
3. Duct empties into the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
257
What do deep veins rely on for venous circulation?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
The skeletal muscle pump
258
What is the azygos system?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
A collateral pathway that connects the superior vena cava with the inferior vena cava
259
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Azygos vein
4. Hemiazygos vein
5. Accessory hemiazygos vein
260
What direction is the shunt of the venous drainage system?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Left to right
--> Hemiazygos and accessory azygos vein flow to the right into the azygos vein
261
What does the carotid body and carotid sinus contain?
## Footnote
Workbook Questions
Carotid body = chemoreceptors (detect O2, CO2, pH)
Carotid sinus = baroreceptors (detect pressure for stretching)
