Anatomy test 3 Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system?
A
Sensory input (feel), motor output (move), integration
2
Q
What does the Central nervous system include?
A
Brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What are the functions of the central nervous system?
A
integration, processing, coordination of both, higher functions (intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions)
4
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
A
neural tissue outside brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia)
5
Q
What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
A
links all regions to the body to CNS, delivers sensory into to CNS, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues
6
Q
What are the two categories of the peripheral nervous system?
A
Sensory (afferent) bring info into CNS, and motor (efferent) sends info out of CNS
7
Q
Afferent
A
sensory
8
Q
sensory (afferent)
A
Brings info IN CNS
9
Q
efferent
A
motor
10
Q
motor (efferent)
A
sends info out of CNS
11
Q
What is the function of Neuroglia?
A
supporting cells
12
Q
What are examples of Neuroglia?
A
Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
13
Q
What do ependymal cells do?
A
make CSF
14
Q
What do Microglia do?
A
Goble up waste
15
Q
What do astrocytes do?
A
structure and nutritional support for neurons. Also form blood brain barrier
16
Q
What do oligodendrocytes do?
A
produce myelin for the CNS
17
Q
What do Dendrites do in a neuron?
A
Receive impulses from other cells (many per cell)
18
Q
What does an axon in a neuron do?
A
sends impulses away from neuron to axon terminal (one per cell)
19
Q
What is present in the cell body and surrounds the nuclei of a neuron?
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Nissi substance)
20
Q
What happens at a chemical synapse?
A
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on second neuron (muscle/gland)(exocytosis)
21
Q
What happens at an electrical synapse?
A
Ions pass from one cell to another through gap junctions (communicating junctions)
22
Q
What is myelin?
A
membranous sheath that covers an axon
23
Q
What does Myelin do?
A
increases speed of action potential, causes propagation
24
Q
What is gray matter?
A
unmyelinated regions of CNS, Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, some neuroglia, in brain called cortex
25
What is white matter?
Myelinated region of CNS, axons and glia, bundles of axons called tracts in CNS, can be long
26
how is white and gray matter split in the brain?
Grey out white in
27
How is white and grey matter split in the spinal cord?
Grey in white out
28
What is the function of the spinal cord?
sensory and motor intervention of body, two way conduction of signals between body and brain, major center for reflexes
29
What happens in the cerebrum?
sensory, motor, and association areas
Higher cognitive functions occur here
30
What happens in the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Sensory info relay, visceral control
31
What are the parts/ what happens in the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
relay center
32
what happens in the cerebellum?
adjusts motor activities based on sensory information
33
How is the cerebrum divided?
left and right hemispheres
into lobes named after overlying bone (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
34
What is the texture of the cerebrum?
has gyri(bumps) and sulci (grooves)
35
Where is the longitudinal fissure?
separates the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum
36
Where is the central slcus?
separates frontal and parietal lobe of the cerebrum
37
Where is the lateral sulcus?
separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe of the cerebrum
38
Where is the primary sensory cortex?
it is in the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe (sensory -> somatic: touch) of the cerebrum
39
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Is in the temporal lobe (sensory) of the cerebrum
40
Where is the primary visual cortex?
is in the occipital lobe (sensory) of the cerebrum
41
Where is the primary motor cortex?
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of the cerebrum
42
Where is Broca's area?
IN left frontal lobe of cerebrum
43
What does Broca's area control?
motor movements of speech
44
where is Wernicke's area?
in the left parietal and temporal lobe
45
What does Wernicke's area control?
recognizing and comprehending language
46
What does white matter appear as in the brain?
fibers
47
What do association fibers do in the brain?
travel within the hemisphere
48
What do commissural fibers do in the brain?
travel between hemispheres
49
What do projection fibers do in the brain?
travel from spinal cord to brain and vice versa
50
What is the most important white matter structure in the cerebrum?
corpus callosum
51
What does Corpus callosum do?
it's a bundle of myelinated axons connecting right and left hemispheres
52
Where is the cerebellum located?
inferior to cerebrum
53
What is the cerebellum's texture?
has folia: leaf like folds that increase surface area
54
What is the white matter of cerebellum called?
arbor vitae
55
What is the function of the cerebellum?
maintain balance and posture by automatically adjusting motor actives based on sensory information.
56
What does the thalamus do?
involved sensory information relay and processing
57
What does the hypothalamus do?
is the main visceral (organ) control center (emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production, body temp, hunger/thirst, formation of memory)
58
What does the midbrain do in the brain stem?
helps to process visual and auditory information
maintains consciousness
59
What does pons do in the brain stem?
connects brainstem to cerebellum
relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
subconscious somatic and visceral motor control
60
What does medulla oblongata do in the brain stem?
connects brain to spinal cord
Relays sensory information to thalamus
autonomic center regulate visceral function
61
what are meninges?
connective tissue membranes that surroun the brain
62
What does cerebrospinal fluid do?
cushions the brain and provides immunologic protection
63
what does the blood-brain barrier do?
formed by astrocytes protects brain from blood-borne toxins and pathogens
64
What is Dura mater?
double layer of dense connective tissue, dural venous sinuses inside
periosteal and meningeal layers
65
Where is the subdural space?
deep to dura mater, potential space
66
What is arachnoid mater?
deep to dura
spidery mother bc holds blood vessels
67
Where is the subarachnoid space?
deep to arachnoid, filled withg CSF
68
What is pia mater?
soft, delicate, adheres directly to surface of brain
69
What does the falx ceribri do?
separate right and left hemispheres
70
What does falx cerebelli do?
separate cerebrum from cerebellum
71
What do superior sagittal, inferior sagittal sinus, transverse and sigmoid sinus do?
Drain venous blood from brain back to systemic junction
72
Where are the dural venous sinuses?
in between meningeal and periosteal layer of dura mater
73
What does cerebrospinal fluid fill?
subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord
74
Where is the lateral ventricle?
composed of first and second ventricle, within cerebrum
75
Where is the third ventricle?
within diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)
76
What does the cerebral aqueduct do?
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
77
Where is the fourth ventricle?
between pons and cerebellum
78
Where does the flow of CSF start (step 1)?
CSF is produced by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
79
Where does CSF go after it's produced (step 2)?
slows to subarachnoid space
80
Where does CSF go after the subarachnoid space (step 3)?
Absorbed into dural sinus via arachnoid granulations (projections of arachnoid mater into dural sinus)
81
what neuroglia provides structural and nutritional support in the PNS?
satellite cells
82
What neuroglia provides myelination in PNS?
schwann cells/neurolemmacyte
83
where does the spinal cord begin and end?
begins at foramen magnus, ends at l1/l2 conus medullaris
84
What does the filum Terminale do?
extends from conus medullaris to coccyx; anchors spinal cord.
85
What is cauda equina?
collection of spinal nerves traveling inferiorly to exit at associated intervertebral foramen
86
What is the most superficial meninges of the spinal cord?
epidural space (filled with fat and veins) (not present in cranial cavity
87
How many spinal cord segments are there?
31
88
What does the posterior/dorsal horn do in the spinal cord?
receives sensory neuronal input
89
What does the anterior/ventral horn do in the spinal cord?
houses somatic motor cell bodies
90
What does the lateral horn do in T1-L2 and S2-4 of the spinal cord?
house visceral motor cell bodies
91
What do roots do in the spinal cord?
emerge from dorsal and ventral horns
92
Where are sensory cell bodies found?
in dorsal root ganglion
93
What is found in posterior/dorsal roots?
sensory (afferent) axons and cell bodies
94
What is found in Anterior/ventral roots?
motor (efferent) axons, motor signals travel from cell body through axon.
95
What is a mixed spinal nerve?
where dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) axons come together
96
What do dorsal and ventral rami have?
split of mixed spinal nerve so both have both efferent and afferent axons
97
What do dorsal rami do?
innervate muscles and skin surrounding vertebral column
98
Where do spinal nerves travel through?
intervertebral foramen
99
what do ventral rami form?
plexuses
100
What vertebrae make up the cervical plexus and what does it innervate?
C1-C4: innervates the muscles of the neck and diaphragm
101
What vertebrae and nerve innovate the diaphram?
C3,C4,C5 (keep the diaphragm alive): phrenic nerve
102
What vertebrae make up brachial plexus and what does it innervate?
C5-T1: gives rise to most nerves of upper limb
103
What are the main components of brachial plexus?
ventral rami (roots)
trunks
division
cords
branches
(real truckers drink cold beer)
104
what are the terminal branches of brachial plexus?
Axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
105
What vertebra make up the axillary nerve and what does it innervate?
C5-C6: innervates deltoid muscles
106
What vertebra make up the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate?
C5-C7: innervates anterior compartment of arm
107
What vertebra makes up the radial nerve and what does it innervate?
C5-C8: innervates posterior compartment of arm and forearm
108
What vertebra makes up median nerve and what does it innervate?
C5-8: innervates radial side of anterior forearm.
109
What vertebra makes up ulnar nerve and what does it innervate?
C8-T1: innervates ulnar side of anterior forearm
110
What are the sensory and motor innervation for the axillary nerve?
Sensory: shoulder joint and skin on part of deltoid
Motor: teres minor and deltoid
111
What are the sensory and motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Sensory: lateral forearm (thumb side)
Motor: anterior compartment of arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis)
112
What are the sensory and motor innervation of the radial nerve?
sensory: posterior arm and hand
motor: posterior arm and forearm (extensors)
113
What are the sensory and motor innervation of the median nerve?
sensory: lateral side of palm (digits 1-3)
Motor: Anterior compartment of forearm, thumb
114
What are the sensory and motor innervation of the ulnar nerve?
Sensory: medial hand
Motor: flexors and intrinsic hand muscles on ulnar side of anterior forearm
115
What vertebrae innervate the lumbar plexus and the two main nerves?
L1-L4: femoral, obturator
116
What are the sensory and motor innervations for the femoral nerve (L2-4)?
Sensory: medial thigh/leg/foot
motor: anterior thigh, thigh flexors, leg extensors
117
What are the sensory and motor innervations for the obturator nerve (L2-4)?
Sensory: medial thigh
motor: muscles of medial thigh (adductors)
118
What vertebrae innervate the sacral plexus and what are the three main nerves?
L5-S4: Gluteal nerves, sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve
119
What vertebrae innervate the inferior gluteal nerve and what does it motor innervate?
L5-S2: gluteus maximus
120
What vertebrae innervate the superior gluteal nerve and what does it motor innervate?
L4-S1: gluteus Medius and minimums, tensor fascia lata (abductors)
121
What vertebrae innervate the sciatic nerve and what three nerves come off of it?
L4-S3: Tibial, common fibular, pudendal nerve
122
What are the sensory and motor interventions of the tibial nerve?
sensory: posterior lateral leg, sole of foot
motor: muscles of posterior thigh and posterior leg
123
What are the sensory and motor interventions of the common fibular nerve?
sensory: anterior lateral leg, dorsum of foot
Motor: anterior leg, lateral leg
124
What are the sensory and motor interventions of the pudendal nerve?
Sensory: external Gentelia
Motor:: muscles of perineum (Levato ani, coccygeus), external anal sphincter
125
What are the three sensory cranial nerves?
CN1: olfactory
CN2: optic
CN3: vestibulocochlear
126
Where does the olfactory nerve originate, travel through, synapse and end
origin in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
travels through crib form plate
synapses in olfactory bulb
terminates in olfactory cortex
127
Where does the optic nerve originate, travel to, and end?
origin in retina of eye
axons travel posteriorly in optic tract, some cross to opposite side of brain in optic chiasm
terminates in primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe)
128
Where does vestibulocochlear originate and connect?
originate in inner ear (temporal bone)
connects to brainstem at pons
129
What do the five motor cranial nerves innervate?
CN 3 III, IV, VI innervate extrinsic eye muscles
CN XI innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
CNXII innervates muscles of the Toung
130
What does CN III Oculomotor innervate and where does it originate?
Innervates all extrinsic eyes muscles (except superior oblique and lateral rectus)
origin in midbrain
131
What does CN IV trochlear innervate and where does it originate?
innervates superior oblique muscle
origin in posterior pons
132
What does CN VI abducens innervate and where does it originate?
innervates lateral rectus
origin in pons
133
Where is CN XI spinal accessory nerve and what does it innervate?
sends rootlets from spinal cord up through foramen magnum; exits again from Jugular foramen
innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
134
Where does CN XIII hypoglossal originate and what does it innervate?
originates in medulla oblongata
innervates muscles of tongue
135
What are the four mixed cranial nerves?
Trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
136
What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN V trigeminal nerve?
Sensation from face to brain
motor innervation to muscles of mastication
137
What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN VII facial nerve?
conveys taste from anterior tongue
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression
138
What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN X vagus nerve?
Visceral sensation to organs of thorax and abdomen
somatic motor to muscles of larynx and pharynx
visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thorax and abdomen
138
What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve?
conveys posterior taste of tongue, visceral sensation from carotid body (blood pressure etc.)
Motor innervation to stylopharyngeus (swallowing) and visceral motor from salivary glands
138
What are the three divisions of CN V trigeminal nerve?
V1 Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (top)
V2 Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (middle)
V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (bottom)
139
What are the sensations of the divisions of CN V trigeminal nerve?
V1 (ophthalmic): sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, and bridge of nose
V2 (maxillary): sensation to bottom eyelid, side of nose, upper lip and maxillary region
V3 (mandibular): sensation to side of temple/face, bottom lip/chim, mandibular teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue
140
what is the motor innervation of CN V trigeminal nerve?
V3 Mandibular: motor innervation to muscles of mastication
141
What is the motor and sensory innervation for CN VII facial nerve?
Motor to muscles of facial expression
Visceral motor (parasympathetic) to lacrimal glad (tears) and sublingual and submandibular glands
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
142
what is CN IX glossopharyngeal origin, motor and sensory innervation?
Origin: medulla oblongata
Motor: to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing)
visceral motor to carotid gland (saliva)
Visceral sensory to carotid body and sinus (senses blood chemistry)
General sensory to pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue
taste and general sense to posterior 1.3 of tongue
143
What is the position of the heart?
slightly left of the midline, right border sits anteriorly and left border sits posteriorly, apex towards left side of body
144
Where is the heart located?
in the mediastinum surrounding lungs
145
What is the heart occupy/surrounded by?
pericardial sac (double layered membrane)
146
What is the outer layer of the pericardial sac made of?
fibrous part: connective tissue
Serous part: slippery, facing in
147
What is the inner layer of the pericardial sac?
visceral pericardium: covers surface of the heart directly
148
What is the space between serous layer of outer pericardium and visceral pericardium filled with?
pericardial fluid
149
What is the outermost layer of the heart?
Pericardium
150
What is the second outermost layer of the heart?
epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
151
What is the third outermost layer of the heart?
myocardium: thick layer of cardiac muscles
152
What is the innermost layer of the heart?
endocardium: thin layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and alveolar connective tissue.
153
What is a part of cardiac muscles?
striated with intercalated discs
154
What do desmosomes do?
connect adjacent cells, preventing separation
155
what do gap junctions do?
create electrical connections between muscle cells
156
What are ventricles?
pumping chambers, thick walls
157
What are atria?
receiving chambers, thin walls
158
What is the coronary sulcus?
separates atria and ventricles
159
What is the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus?
separates right and left ventricles
160
What are the atrioventricular valves?
left: bicuspid/ mitral valve
Right: Tricuspid valve
161
What are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary
aortic
162
What are cusps of atrioventricular valves attached to and via what, to prevent what?
AV valves connect to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse into atrium.
163
What is trabeculae carinae?
Large, irregular muscular ridges on inside of ventricular walls
164
What does the right atrium receive blood from?
Inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus
165
What does the right atrium feature?
prominent auricle with pectinate muscles
166
what does the right ventricle feature?
Tricuspid valve, moderator band, pulmonic semilunar valve
167
what does the left ventricle feature?
thick myocardium, left atrioventricular valve, aortic semilunar valves with sinus
168
What are the two arteries that are part of the coronary circulation?
right coronary artery, left coronary artery
169
What does the left coronary artery do?
supplies anterior aspect of left ventricle, left atrium and interventricular septum
170
What does the left circumflex artery do?
bend around towards back of heart
171
what does the anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending/ LAD do?
Passes obliquely down the anterior surface of the heart in interventricular sulcus
172
What does the right coronary artery do?
supplies right atrium, right ventricle and back of left ventricle
173
what does the marginal artery do in the right coronary artery?
run along acute margin
174
Where does the posterior interventricular artery run?
posterior interventricular sulcus
175
What are all the parts of the right coronary artery?
SA Nodal artery, Marginal artery, AV nodal branch, Right coronary, Posterior interventricular artery
176
What does the coronary sinus do?
receives middle and great veins
177
What does the great cardiac vein do?
travels with anterior interventricular artery
178
what does the middle cardiac vein do?
travels with posterior interventricular artery
179
What are the steps of the cardiac conduction system?
1. SA Node: generates impulse
2. impulse propagated through arial myocardium
3. AV node: slows impulse, allowing atria to contract and ventricles to fill
4. Impulse propagates from atria to ventricles only through Bundle of HIS
5. Left bundle and branch and right bundle and branches travel through interventricular septum
6. purkingi fibers propagate impulse, active ventricular myocardium
180
How does sympathetic and parasympathetic affect the heart?
Sympathetic: increase heart rate
parasympathetic:decreases heart rate
181
What are the sensory sections of Afferent peripheral Nervous system?
Somatic sensory, Special sensory, Visceral sensory
182
What are the motor section of efferent peripheral nervous system?
Somatic motor, visceral motor
183
What are the two sections of the Visceral motor (autonomic) system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
184
How many neural pathways are present in somatic motor?
1
185
How many neural pathways are present in Visceral Motor?
2
186
Which ganglionic pathway in visceral motor is myelinated?
preganglionic
187
What is the neurotransmitter of preganglionic visceral motor neurons?
acetylcholine
188
What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic visceral motor neurons?
ACh or norephinephrine
189
What does Sympathetic system increase/decrease?
increases:
Heart rate
respiration
perspiration
Decreases:
digestion
dilate pupils
190
What does the parasympathetic system increase/decrease?
Increase: blood flow to GI system, Activity of salivary glands
decrease: heart rate, respiration rate,
constricts pupils
191
How effective is sympathetic around the body?
widespread long-lasting, activates
192
How effective is parasympathetic around the body?
highly localized and shorter lived, inhibits
193
A preganglionic axon goes from?
central NS to peripheral NS
194
A post ganglionic axon goes from?
Peripheral NS to target
195
Which ganglion of parasympathetic is long?
Long Preganglionic
196
What is parasympathetic system called?
craniosacral
197
What is the preganglionic neuron between in the parasympathetic pathway?
Central NS brain stem or sacral spinal cord and peripheral NS: intramural ganglion within organ
198
Postganglionic parasympathetic distribution is more limited because?
it does not reach the body wall (skin)
199
What is the parasympathetic innervation of Oculomotor? (pre, synapse, post)
preganglionic axon: oculomotor nerve
synapses: ciliary ganglion
Post: innervates sphincter pupillae to contract pupil
200
What is the parasympathetic innervation of pterygopalatine ganglion (facial nerve)? (pre, synapse, post)
pre: facial nerve
synapse: pterygopalatine ganglion
post: axons project to lacrimal gland for crying/tears and sniffles/mucus for nasal glands
201
What is the parasympathetic innervation of submandibular ganglion (facial nerve)? (pre, synapse, post)
pre: facial nerve
synapse: submandibular ganglion
post: submandibular and sublingual glands for salivation/drooling
202
What is the parasympathetic innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve? (pre, synapse, post)
pre: glossopharyngeal nerve
synapse: otic ganglion
post: parotid salivary glands for salivation/drooling
203
What is the parasympathetic innervation of vegus nerve? (pre, synapse, post)
pre: vagus nerve
synapse: intramural ganglia
post: varies (thorax, abdomen, pelvis) to decrease heart rate, constrict airways, and increate GI activity
204
What is the parasympathetic innervation of pelvic splanchnic nerves? (pre, synapse, post)
pre: pelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse: intramural ganglia
post: urinary bladder and reproductive organs to contract bladder and erect clit and penis
205
What ganglion is long for sympathetics?
postganglionic
206
What is the preganglionic neuron between for sympathetic pathways?
Central NS: T1-L2 spinal cord to peripheral NS: sympathetic chain ganglion or pre-aortic ganglion
207
What is the sympathetic pathway called?
Thoracolumbar
208
What are the two pathways for the 2nd ganglion for sympathetic pathway?
Sympathetic chain ganglion, pre aortic (prevertebral) ganglion
209
What are the four steps when synapsing at the same level?
1. T1-L2
2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans
3. 2nd neuron in sympathetic chain ganglion
4. postganglionic axon travels through grey ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
210
What are the four steps to ascend or descend the synapse?
1. T1-L2
2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then ascends/descends sympathetic chain
3. end neuron higher/lower sympathetic chain ganglion
4. postganglionic axon travels through gray ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
211
What are the four steps for sympathetic innervation of the head?
1. T1-L2
2. preganglionic axon travels through white Ramus communicans then ascends sympathetic chain
3. 2nd neuron in superior cervical ganglion
4. postganglionic axons travel on cardiac arteries to reach head; distribute to target organs via arterial branches
212
What Ramus are present at vertebrae of the neck?
no white, all ramus have gray
213
What are the four steps for sympathetic innervation when it leaves chain without synapsing?
1. T1-L2
2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then leaves sympathetic chain through a splanchnic nerve
3. 2nd neuron in preaortic ganglion (prevertebral)
4. Postganglionic axon follows blood vessel
214
What does T5-T10 greater splanchnic nerve synapse with?
celiac ganglion
215
What does T10-T12 Lesser and least splanchnic nerve synapse with?
superior mesenteric ganglion
216
What does L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerve synapse with?
inferior mesenteric ganglion
217
What is the sympathetic innervation of celiac ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)
1: splanchnic nerve
synapse: celiac ganglion
2: perivascular plexus
to stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine to decrease action of GI organs
218
What is the sympathetic innervation of superior mesenteric ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)
1: lesser and Least splanchnic nerve
synapse: superior mesenteric ganglia
2: perivascular plexus
to intestine to decrease Gi activity
219
What is the sympathetic innervation of inferior mesenteric ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)
1: lumbar splanchnic nerve
synapse: inferior mesenteric ganglia
2: perivascular plexus
to colon, rectum, bladder and reproductive organs to decrease GI activity
220
for the pulmonary circulation, In the capillary beds, Co2 is exchanged for?
O2
221
in the systemic circulation, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for?
CO2
222
What is the Tunica externa/adventitia?
connective and adipose tissue, top layer in artieries and veins
223
What is the tunica media?
middle layer in veins and arteries, smooth muscle
224
What is the tunica intima?
deepest layer of veins and arteries, endothelial lining and connective tissue
225
What are large elastic (conducting) arteries?
Large diameter, and large amount of elastic fibers in tunica media
226
What are medium muscular arteries (distributing)?
medium size, smooth muscle, sympathetic control
227
What are the small arteries and arterioles?
smallest, controls blood between capillaries and arteries
228
What are continuous capillaries?
uninterrupted endothelium, keeps contents in, found in connective tissue, muscle, skin, lungs, CNS
229
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Endothelial cells with fenestrations (small holes), allow rapid exchange of fluids, found in endocrine glands, fluid/metabolite absorption
230
What are discontinuous capillaries (sinusoids)?
endothelial with large openings seperated by intercellular gaps to permit extensive exchange of fluids, for liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
231
What are the three conchae of the lateral wall in the nasal cavity?
Superior middle and inferior nasal conchae
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What does the nasopharynx do?
lies posterior to nasal cavity and soft palate; is respiratory
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What does the oropharynx do?
lies posterior to the oral cavity; respiratory and digestive functions
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What does the laryngopharynx do?
lies posterior to the larynx; respiratory and digestive region
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What is the larynx?
a passageway for air that connects pharynx to trachea
236
What is the epiglottis of the larynx?
filled with elastic tissue, folds back over glottis during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from getting into airway
237
What does the thyroid cartilage to in the larynx?
Forms laryngeal prominence
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What does the cricoid cartilage do in the larynx?
forms a complete ring
239
What does the arytenoid cartilages do in the larynx?
involved with opening and closing glottis
240
Where are the false vocal folds?
superior to true vocal folds
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Where are the true vocal folds?
Inferior: filled with muscles and ligaments
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What do intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
Regulates tension in vocal folds
243
What happens with forced closure of vocal folds (coughing)?
Completely shut
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What happens with vocal cords while speaking?
together but not shut
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What happens with vocal cords while normally respirating?
open slightly
246
What happens with vocal cords while forced respirating?
all the way open
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What are the steps to swallowing for the larynx?
1. muscles of tounge and soft palate push bolus into the oropharynx
2. Elave soft palate, sealing off nasopharynx: elevate larynx, which enlarges pharynx
3. pharyngeal constrictors contract sequentially squeezing bolus into esophagus
4. bolus moves down esophagus via peristalsis
248
What is the order of things in the trachea?
trachea, bronchi: primary, secondary, tertiary , bronchioles: terminal and respiratory , alveoli
249
what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified, goblet, ciliated
250
What does type 1 pneumocytes do in alveolar epithelium?
form most of alveolar wall
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What does type 2 pneumocytes do in alveolar epithelium?
secrete surfactant to reduce air pressure
252
What is present in alveolar epithelium?
capillaries, type 1 and 2 pneumocytes, macrophage (dust cells)
253
What are the parts of the right lung?
superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, oblique fissure (seperates inferior from superior and middle), and horizontal fissue (seperates superior from middle)
254
What are the parts of the left lung?
superior and inferior lobe seperated by oblique fissure
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What do external intercostals do for breathing?
assist inspiration
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What is the most important muscle for breathing?
diaphragm
257
What do internal intercostals do for breathing?
assist in expiration
258
What are the breathing accessory muscles?
Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles
