Anatomy Test Blood

Question 1

What is blood?

Answer 1

A fluid connective tissue made of living blood cells floating in nonliving plasma that transports a variety of substances critical for maintaining homeostasis.

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

The nonliving fluid component of blood; mainly water with dissolved substances like plasma proteins.

Question 3

What are leukocytes?

Answer 3

White blood cells; help our body recognize and fight off foreign substances.

Question 4

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 4

Platelets; cell fragments that help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

Question 5

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 5

Red blood cells; carry O2 and CO2 between lungs and rest of body.

Question 6

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 6

The protein that contains Fe+2 which readily binds to O2, and thus can carry it.

Question 7

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 7

Blood cell formation.

Question 8

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 8

The hormone that regulates the formation and destruction of red blood cells.

Question 9

What is hemostasis?

Answer 9

The fast and localized process the body uses to stop bleeding.

Question 10

What are antigens?

Answer 10

Anything that the body perceives as foreign that activates an immune response; Glycoprotein and glycolipids markers/tags on our cells.

Question 11

What are antibodies?

Answer 11

Bind to antigens and clump the cells together for destruction.

Question 12

What are agglutinogens?

Answer 12

The antigens on red blood cells that determine blood type.

Question 13

What is the Rh factor?

Answer 13

Rhesus antigens on red blood cells that determine if you make anti-Rh antibodies and thus have (+) or (-) blood type.

Question 14

What is blood flow?

Answer 14

The volume of blood flowing through a blood vessel, organ, or the entire circulation system in a given period.

Question 15

What is blood pressure?

Answer 15

The force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the blood inside it.

Question 16

What is resistance?

Answer 16

The opposition to flow; the amount of friction the blood encounters as it passes through the blood vessels.

Question 17

What are blood vessels?

Answer 17

The dynamic structures that create pathways that constrict and relax in order to transport blood throughout the body.

Question 18

What are arteries?

Answer 18

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Question 19

What are arterioles?

Answer 19

Smaller blood vessels that branch off of arteries and feed into capillary beds in our different organs and tissues.

Question 20

What are capillaries?

Answer 20

Smallest blood vessels with the thinnest walls in order to maximize the exchange of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid.

Question 21

What is a capillary bed?

Answer 21

A network of capillaries.

Question 22

What are veins?

Answer 22

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Question 23

What are venules?

Answer 23

Smallest vein components that branch off of capillary beds and feed into bigger and bigger veins that lead back to the heart.

Question 24

What is the pericardium?

Answer 24

Double walled sac that encloses the heart.

Question 25

What is the myocardium?

Answer 25

The inner layer of the heart wall that contracts.

Question 26

What are pacemaker cells?

Answer 26

Noncontractile cells that can spontaneously depolarize without neural input.

Question 27

What is a heartbeat?

Answer 27

What is heard through a stethoscope; associated with the heart valves closing during the cardiac cycle.

Question 28

What is systole?

Answer 28

When the heart contracts.

Question 29

What is diastole?

Answer 29

When the heart relaxes.

Question 30

What is pulse?

Answer 30

Heart rate, measured by the number of times your heart beats per minute (bpm).

Question 31

What is ECK or EKG?

Answer 31

Device that tracks the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 32

What is an AED?

Answer 32

Automated external defibrillator; portable device used to deliver an electric shock to the heart when someone goes into sudden cardiac arrest.

Question 33

What is lung capacity?

Answer 33

The amount of air that can be held in your lungs.

Question 34

What is tidal volume?

Answer 34

The amount of air that moves in and out of your lungs with each breath when you are breathing normally.

Question 35

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 35

The maximum amount of air you can breathe in.

Question 36

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 36

The amount of air you can force out after a normal tidal volume exhalation.

Question 37

What is vital capacity?

Answer 37

The total volume of air that can be expelled from your lungs forcibly after you take your deepest breath.

Question 38

What is gas exchange?

Answer 38

The diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and blood in the lungs and then later the blood and body tissues.

Question 39

What are pleurae?

Answer 39

Serous membranes that line the thoracic wall and diaphragm.

Question 40

What are bronchioles?

Answer 40

The smallest passageways of the respiratory system that empty into the alveolar ducts.

Question 41

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 41

The set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical energy in food to usable energy (ATP) for the cell, and thus the body.

Question 42

What is another name for red blood cells (RBCs)?

Answer 42

Erythrocytes.

Question 43

What are 3 characteristics about mature RBCs?

Answer 43

Consists of Plasma Membrane Has hemoglobin which contains iron Has no nucleus or other organelles.

Question 44

How does the shape of an RBC contribute to its function?

Answer 44

Flattened biconcave shape 🡪 larger surface area for gas exchange and makes them flexible enough to squeeze through tight spaces.

Question 45

Define hematopoiesis. Where does this process take place and what regulates it?

Answer 45

Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow (skeletal system) and requires the hormone (endocrine system) erythropoietin to regulate it, which is made by the kidneys and liver.

Question 46

Describe the steps involved in hemostasis. (VPC)

Answer 46

1. Vascular Spasm: Smooth muscles in the damaged blood vessels contract to slow blood flow. 2. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets gather and adhere to the damage site and to each other to form a plug. 3. Coagulation: Fibrin proteins form a mesh-like clot that closes the gap to heal the blood vessel.

Question 47

What are antigens and agglutinogens?

Answer 47

All cells have markers/tags called antigens. In red blood cells, these are called agglutinogens.

Question 48

What is the immune response for a bad transfusion?

Answer 48

If your body recognizes a cell with different antigens from it, these are perceived as foreign 🡪 immune response. Antibodies respond to these antigens by binding to them and clumping the foreign cells together for destruction.

Question 49

Explain the three factors that can cause resistance to blood flow through the vessels.

Answer 49

Blood Viscosity: More viscous 🡪 more resistance 🡪 less blood flow. Length of Blood Vessel: Longer blood vessel 🡪 more resistance 🡪 less blood flow. Diameter of blood vessel: Greater the diameter 🡪 less resistance 🡪 more blood flow.

Question 50

What is the pathway that oxygen-poor blood takes to become oxygen-rich blood?

Answer 50

Oxygen-poor blood is delivered to the heart through 3 veins (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus) and enters the heart via the right atrium, pushing through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, which takes it through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via 4 pulmonary veins and enters the heart via the left atrium, pushing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then the blood is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta which sends it to the rest of the body.

Question 51

Describe the order of events that cause the heart to pump.

Answer 51

Electrical event → Distribution → Mechanical event → Pressure Change → fluid movement.

Question 52

Describe the distinct roles and structures utilized in pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.

Answer 52

1. Pulmonary circulation: Pumps blood from heart to lungs and back again to oxygenate it. Key structures = right side of the heart, lungs, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. 2. Systemic circulation: Pumps oxygen-rich blood out of heart to tissues, and then brings oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Key structures = left side of the heart, aorta, and superior and inferior vena cavas. 3. Coronary circulation: Nourishes the heart with blood. Key structures = left and right coronary arteries and cardiac veins.

Question 53

Describe the roles of the conducting and respiratory zones, and the structures (nose, bronchioles, alveoli, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, alveolar ducts, larynx) that compose each.

Answer 53

1. Conducting Zone: Nose, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi. Function: Warm, humidify, filter. 2. Respiratory Zone: Bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts. Function: Gas exchange.

Question 54

Explain the relationship between volume, pressure, and air flow. Include details about how inspiration and expiration work together to allow us to breathe.

Answer 54

Volume changes in the lungs cause pressure changes, which causes the air to move. Inspiration: Muscles contract 🡪 diaphragm lowers 🡪 increased volume in thoracic cavity 🡪 decreased pressure 🡪 air flows in. Expiration: Muscles relax 🡪 diaphragm rises 🡪 decreased volume in thoracic cavity 🡪 increased pressure 🡪 air is pushed out.

Question 55

What is the purpose of the capillary network, vein, and artery?

Answer 55

Arteries take blood away from heart and bring oxygen-poor blood from heart to alveoli for gas exchange (CO2 for O2). Gas exchange occurs in capillary bed. Veins bring blood back to heart and carry oxygen-rich blood back to heart to be pumped to the body.