Anatomy - The Heart

Question 1

where do the phrenic nerves descend relative to the hilum?

Answer 1

anteriorly

Question 2

where do the vagus nerves descend relative to the hilum?

Answer 2

posteriorly

Question 3

what covers the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 3

epicardium

Question 4

what is another name for the epicardium?

Answer 4

visceral serous pericardium

Question 5

what are the two types of pericardium?

Answer 5

serous

fibrous

Question 6

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 6

visceral (in contact with the heart)

parietal (in contact with the fibrous pericardium)

Question 7

where is the pericardial cavity located and what does it contain?

Answer 7

between the two layers of serous pericardium

pericardial fluid

Question 8

what internally lines the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 8

the parietal serous pericardium

Question 9

what is haemopericardium?

Answer 9

when the pericardial cavity fills with blood

Question 10

what is pericardiocentesis?

Answer 10

the drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

Question 11

where is the needle inserted for pericardiocentesis?

Answer 11

via the infrasternal angle, superposteriorly into the pericardial cavity

Question 12

where is the transverse pericardial sinus located?

Answer 12

in the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly

posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 13

what area is used to identify and isolate the great vessels during cardiac surgery?

Answer 13

the transverse pericardial sinus

finger emerges anterior to the SVC

Question 14

what does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

Answer 14

the right and left pulmonary arteries

Question 15

what are the three clinically important surfaces of the heart?

Answer 15

anterior (aka sternocostal)
base (aka posterior)
inferior (aka diaphragmatic)

Question 16

what are the four clinically important borders of the heart?

Answer 16

right
left
inferior
superior

Question 17

where is the apex of the heart found?

Answer 17

fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 18

what effect can cardiomegaly have on the apex of the heart?

Answer 18

shift it to the left

Question 19

where is the right coronary artery found?

Answer 19

the coronary groove

Question 20

what is the coronary groove the surface marking for?

Answer 20

the tricuspid valve

also the boundary between RA + RV

Question 21

what are the three nerves that run near the heart from medial to lateral?

Answer 21

recurrent pharyngeal
vagus
phrenic

Question 22

what forms the SVC?

Answer 22

the left and right brachiocephalic veins

Question 23

what forms the brachiocephalic veins?

Answer 23

the internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 24

what is the posterior interventricular artery a branch of and where is it located?

Answer 24

right coronary artery

posterior interventricular groove

Question 25

what indicates the boundary between the two ventricles on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

Answer 25

the posterior interventricular groove

Question 26

what indicates the boundary between the two atria?

Answer 26

the interatrial groove

Question 27

what makes up most of the base of the heart?

Answer 27

the left atrium

Question 28

what separates the base and diaphragmatic surfaces of the heart?

Answer 28

the coronary sinus

Question 29

what do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 29

the ascending aorta

Question 30

what is the first branch of the aorta?

Answer 30

mainstem coronary arteries

Question 31

where is the left mainstem coronary artery found?

Answer 31

in the left atrioventricular groove, between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle

Question 32

where is the right coronary artery located?

Answer 32

coronary groove

Question 33

what are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 33

right marginal artery | posterior interventricular artery

Question 34

which is longer - the right or left coronary artery?

Answer 34

right

Question 35

what are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 35

circumflex LAD left marginal artery lateral branch

Question 36

what is the coronary sinus?

Answer 36

a short venous conduit that recieves deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

Question 37

where is the coronary sinus located?

Answer 37

the atrioventricular groove posteriorly

Question 38

what are the three openings in the right atrium for?

Answer 38

SVC IVC coronary sinus

Question 39

what is the oval fossa?

Answer 39

a depression in the septum in the RA marks where the foetal foramen ovale was

Question 40

what divides the rough and smooth parts of the RA?

Answer 40

the crista terminalis

Question 41

what is the role of the heart valves?

Answer 41

ensure unidirectional flow of blood

Question 42

what are the four valves of teh heart?

Answer 42

pulmonary mitral aortic tricuspid

Question 43

where is the aortic valve auscultated?

Answer 43

2nd right ICS sternal edge

Question 44

where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?

Answer 44

4th left ICS sternal edge

Question 45

where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?

Answer 45

2nd left ICS sternal edge

Question 46

where is the mitral valve auscultated?

Answer 46

5th left ICS midclavicular line