Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 2 Flashcards

(119 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How many vertebra does the vertebral column consist of?

A
  • 33
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many of each type of vertebra are there?

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 fused coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are the primary and secondary curvatures located?

A
  • Primary: thoracic and sacral regions

- Secondary: cervical and lumbar regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify 8 features of a typical vertebra

A
  • Body
  • Arch
  • 2 x Pedicles
  • 2 x Laminae
  • Spinous process
  • 2 x transverse process
  • Superior articular process
  • Inferior articular process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify three unique features of a cervical vertebra

A
  • Anterior and posterior tubercles on spinous process
  • Transverse foramina
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Body is short in heigh and square
  • Triangular vertebral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify a unique feature of a thoracic vertebra

A
  • Facet for articulation with rib
  • Body is triangular
  • Circular vertebral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify a unique feature of a lumbar vertebra

A
  • Long and thin transverse process
  • Body is cylindrical
  • Triangular vertebral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the first two cervical vertebrae

A
  • Atlas and Axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the dens of C2?

A
  • Vertebral body of C1 fuses onto body of C2
  • No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 as a result
  • Acts as a oivot that allow the atlas and head to rotate on the axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify five features of the atlas and axis

A
  • 2 x lateral masses
  • Anterior arch
  • Posterior arch
  • Superior articular surface
  • Inferior articular process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline one function of the atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • Allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which vertebra is known as vertebra prominens. Identify two ways that it differs from a typical vertebra

A
  • C7
  • 1) Long bifid spinous process that is easily palpable
  • 2) Transverse foramen only transmits vertebral vein (not artery)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline 6 features of the sacrum

A
  • Alae
  • Promontory
  • Anterior sacral foramina
  • Posterior sacral foramine
  • Sacral canal
  • Sacral hiatus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline 2 features of the coccyx

A
  • 2 x Transverse process

- Cornua (horns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which plexus (and segments) does the sciatic nerve belong to?

A
  • Lumbosacral plexus

- Spinal segments L4-S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the sciatic nerve pass through?

Which muscle does it lie under?

A
  • Posterior compartment

- Adductor magnus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name two branches of the sciatic nerve

A
  • Tibial nerve

- Common fibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify the anterior and lateral walls of the spinal canal

A
  • Anterior: vertebral body, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior: vertebral arches and ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the three layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord and the spaces between them

A
  • Innermost pia mater
  • Arachnoid mater, separated from pia by subarachnoid space
  • Dura mater, separated from bone by extradural space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What forms an intervertebral foramen?

A
  • Inferior vertebral notch on pedicle of the vertebra above

- To superior vertebral notch on the pedicle of the vertebra below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the joint that borders the intervertebral foramen. What type of joint is it?

A
  • Zygapophyseal joint

- Plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the joint between each vertebral body. What type of joint is it?

A
  • Intervertebral disc

- Cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Identify the two layers of the intervertebral disc

A
  • Outer ring of collagen, anulus fibrosus

- Inner gelatinous layer, nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

A
  • From base of skull
  • Runs anteriorly along vertebral bodies
  • To anterior surface of sacrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?
- Upper part that connects C2 to base of skull is the tectorial membrane - Runs along posteriorly along vertebral bodies - Lines anterior surface of vertebral canal
26
Where is the supraspinous ligament located?
- Passes along the tips of the spinous processes - From C7 to sacrum - From base of skull to C7 it is triangular and called the ligamentum nuchae
27
Where are the interspinous ligaments located?
- Between adjacent vertebral spinous processes - Blend anteriorly with ligamentum flava - And posteriorly with supraspinous ligaments
28
Where is the ligamentum flava located?
- Between lamina of adjacent vertebra | - Run between posterior surface of lamina below to anterior surface of lamina below
29
Identify two functions of the ligamenta flava
- Resist separation of laminae in flexion | - Assist in extension back to anatomical position
30
Where does the spinal cord run between?
- Foramen mangum and L1 / L2
31
What is the conus medullaris?
- Distal end of spinal cord
32
What is the filum terminale?
- Connective tissue that continues from apex of conus medullaris to coccyx
33
Identify the two enlargements in the spinal cord
- Cervical enlargement, for brachial plexus (C5-T1) | - Lumbosacral enlargement for lumbosacral plexus (L1-S3)
34
Identify the sulci and fissures of the spinal cord
- Anterior median fissure - Posterior median sulcus - 2 x posterolateral sulcus
35
Identify the vascular supply of the spinal cord
- Anterior spinal artery - 2 x posterior spinal arteries - Segmental arteries enter the canal through intervertebral foramina at every level - And give rise to segmental medullary arteries sand radicular arteries
36
How many spinal nerves are there?
- 31
37
How many of each type of spinal nerve are there?
- 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
38
Explain how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord
- Posterior sensory root and motor ventral root | - Which become rootlets medially
39
What are the spinal rami?
- Each spinal nerve divides laterally to form an anterior and posterior rami - Anterior innervate hypoxial skeletal muscles - Posterior rami innervate epaxial intrinsic back muscle s
40
What is the cauda equina?
- Lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves form a cluster of roots below conus medullaris
41
What is a dermatome?
- The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve on each side
42
What is a myotome?
- Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve on that side
43
Outline the histological features of a peripheral nerve
- Nerve fibres are surrounded by a supporting tissue called endoneurium - Nerve fibres are bundled together to form fascicles - Fascicles are surrounded by a supporting tissue called perineurium - Fascicles are bundled together by epineurium - Large vessels course within the epineurium
44
Outline the histological features of a spinal ganlgion
- Fascicles of nerve fibre | - Nerve cell bodies surrounded by satellite cells which provide structural and mechanical support
45
What do the anterior horns of spinal cord contain?
- Cell bodies of large alpha neurones
46
What do the dorsal horns of spinal cord contain?
- Cell bodies of smaller second-order neurones that relay sensory information and participate in spinal reflexes
47
What do the lateral horns contain?
- Found only in thoracic and upper lumbar regions | - Cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system efferent neurones
48
What is located in the central commissure of spinal cord?
- Central canal - Lined by ependymal cells - Cerebrospinal fluid
49
What does the white matter consist of?
- Ascending tracts of sensory fibres | - Descending motor tracts
50
What name is given to the white matter between the dorsal horns
- Dorsal columns - Medial fasciculus gracilis conveying sensation fibres from lower limbs - Lateral fasciculus cuneatus conveying sensation fibres from upper limbs and torso
51
What is contained within the ventrolateral white matter?
- Spinothalamic tracts - Spinocerebellar tracts - Corticospinal tracts
52
What are denticulate ligaments?
- Connect dura mater to periosteum
53
Identify the six layers of the cerberal cortex
- Plexiform layer, mainly horizontal cells - Outer granular layer, mainly pyramidal and stellate cells - Inner granular layer, mainly stellate cells - Ganglionic layer, mainly Betz cells - Multiform cell layer, mainly pyramidal, stellate and Martinotti cells
54
Identify five types of cortical neurones
- Pyramidal cells (largest are called Betz cells) - Stellate cells - Cells of Martinotti - Fusiform cells - Horizontal cells of Cajal
55
What are gyri and sulci in the brain?
- Gyri: Elevations | - Sulci: Depressions
56
Name the two deepest sulci
- Central sulcus | - Lateral sulcus
57
Name the four lobes of the brain
- Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital
58
How can one expose the insula?
- By pulling apart the opercula (lips) of the lateral sulcus
59
What is an association fibre?
- Fibres that pass from one part of a single hemisphere to another
60
What is a commissural fibre?
- Fibres that link matching areas of two hemispheres
61
What is a projection fibre?
- Fibres that run to subcortical nuclei in the cerebral hemisphere, brainstem and spinal cord
62
What name is given to the cytoplasm a neurone
- Perikaryon
63
Name the two types of processes that extend from the nerve cell body
- Axon (nerve fibre) | - Dendrites
64
What is a dendrite?
- Branched tapering processes - Which end in specialised sensory receptors or form synapses with neighbouring neurons - Major function is information input to the neurone
65
What is an axon hillock?
- The point at which the axon arises from a neuron
66
What are boutons?
- Terminals point of an axon
67
What name is given to the dye used to stain the RER and ribosomes of neurons?
- Nissl
68
What is a multipolar neurone?
- Numerous dendrites project from the cell body
69
What is a bipolar neurone?
- Single dendrite that arises from the pole of the cell body opposite to that of the axon
70
What is a pseudo-unipolar neuron?
- Single dendrite and axon arise from a common stem of the cell body
71
Which part of the nerve cell body is afferent and which is efferent?
- Dendrite = Afferent (towards nerve cell body) | - Axon = Efferent (away from nerve cell body)
72
What is a myelinated nerve?
- One in which many layers of Schwann cells envelop the cell
73
How does a myelinated nerve differ in the CNS to the PNS?
- In the CNS myelin sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes | - In the PNS they are formed by Schwann cells
74
Describe the process of myelination
- Invagination of a nerve axon into a Schwann cell, forming a mesaxon - Mesaxon rotates around the axon thereby enveloping the axon in concentric layers of Schwann cells
75
What is an internode?
- The single segment of myelin produced by each Schwann cell
76
Why do myelinated fibres prevent ion fluxes along the axonal membranes
- Lipid content insulates the underlying axon
77
What are Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts?
- At certain points in internodal myelin sheath - Narrow channels of cytoplasm are retained and connect the Schwann cell cytoplasm to the narrow zone of Schwann cell adjacent to the axon
78
Idenitfy three roles of astrocytes
- Mechanical support and mediation of metabolite exchange between neurons and the vascular system - Blood brain barrier - Repair of CNS tissue after damage
79
Identify the function of microglia
- Defence and immunoglobulin function as part of monocyte macrophage system
80
Describe the structure of ependymal cells and where are they located
- Epithelium that lines ventricles and spinal canal - Cuboidal and low columnar - Do not rest on basement membrane - Microvilli are present
81
Name the sulci that divide the brain into four lobes
- Lateral sulcus between the frontal and temporal lobes | - Central sulcus between the frontal and parietal lobes
82
How does one expose the medial surface of the hemispheres of the brain?
- Cutting the corpus callosum | - A band of white matter connecting the matching areas of the cortex
83
Name the gyri of the frontal lobe
- Precentral gyrus - Superior frontal gyrus - Middle frontal gyrus - Inferior frontal gyrus - Cingulate gyrus
84
Name the gyri of the parietal lobe
- Postcentral gyrus - Supramaringal gyrus - Angular gyrus
85
Name the gyri of the occipital lobe
- Lateral occipital gyri - Lateral medial occipitotemporal gyri - Lingual gyrus
86
Name the gyri of the temporal lobe
- Superior temporal gyrus - Middle temporal gyrus - Inferior temporal gyrus - Parahippocampal gyrus
87
Where is the limbic system located and what are its component parts?
- Medial margin of each hemisphere | - Hippocampus, fornix and amygdala
88
What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus link?
- Links frontal and occipital lobes
89
What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus link?
- Links occipital and temporal lobes
90
What does the arcuate fasciculus link?
- Linking frontal lobe and occipitotemporal cortex
91
What does the uncinate longitudinal fasciculus link?
- Linking the frontal and anterior temporal lobes
92
What does the cingulum longitudinal fasciculus link?
- Underlying the cortex of cingulate gyrus
93
What does the corpus callosum connect
- Matching areas of the left and right hemispheres
94
What does the anterior commissure connect?
- Inferior and middle temporal gyrus and the olfactory regions of reach side.
95
What is the corona radiata?
- Projection fibre to and from the cerebral cortex
96
What is the internal capsule?
- Fibres of corona radiata converge at internal capsule | - Forms the crus cerebri
97
Name the three parts of the internal capsule
- Anterior limb, connections between thalamus and prefrontal cortex - Genu - Posterior limb, containing corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres - Retrolentiform limb, containing fibres passing from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex and from medial geniculate nucleus to the auditory cortex
98
What is the difference between myelopathy and radiculopathy?
- Myelopathy refers to compression of spinal cord | - Radiculopathy refers to compression of a nerve root
99
Biceps reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?
- C5
100
Supinator reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?
- C6
101
Triceps reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?
- C7
102
Patellar reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?
- L4
103
Ankle reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?
- S1
104
Sensory loss in the upper lateral arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- C5
105
Sensory loss in the upper and lower medial arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- T1
106
Sensory loss in the lower lateral arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- C6
107
Sensory loss in the thumb and index finger medial arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- C6
108
Sensory loss in the middle finger is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- C7
109
Sensory loss in the little finger is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- C8
110
Sensory loss in the lateral thigh is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- L2
111
Sensory loss in the medial thigh is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- L3
112
Sensory loss in the lateral leg is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- L5
113
Sensory loss in the medial leg is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- L4
114
Sensory loss in the great toe is associated with compression of which nerve?
- L4
115
Sensory loss in the second toe is associated with compression of which nerve?
- L5
116
Sensory loss in the little toe is associated with compression of which nerve root?
- S1
117
What do the alar ligaments run between and what is their role?
- Dens - Medial occipital condyles - Prevent excessive rotation of the head and atlas relative to the axis
118
What is a Hangman fracture?
- Fracture of both pedicles of C2 | - Due to hyperextension of the neck
119
What is a Jefferson fracture?
- Fracture of anterior and posterior arches of C1 | - Due to hyperextension of the neck

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions