Anatomy Updated Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
How many vertebrae in spine?
A
33
2
Q
What does the intervertebral disc provide?
A
Movement, shock absorption, and spacing
3
Q
The posterior aspects of the veterbrae form…
A
Facet joints
4
Q
What are the function of spinal ligaments?
A
Connect vertebrae and prevent extreme motions that could cause injury
5
Q
Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
A
Vertebral foramen
6
Q
Which foramen does the spinal nerve pass through?
A
Intervertebral foramen
7
Q
Number of cervical vertebrae
A
7
8
Q
Number of thoracic vertebrae
A
12
9
Q
Number of lumbar vertebrae
A
5
10
Q
Number of sacral vertebrae
A
5
11
Q
Number of coccyx vertebrae
A
4
12
Q
A lordotic curve is…
A
concave towards posterior
13
Q
A kyphotic curve is
A
Concave towards anterior
14
Q
Lordotic curves are found in
A
Cervical and lumbar spine
15
Q
Kyphotic curves are found in
A
Thoracic Spine
16
Q
Sagittal plane curves serve three functions
A
Flexibility, balance, and shock absorption
17
Q
Opening formed by the union of the posterior arch with the vertebral body
A
Vertebral foramen
18
Q
Spinal cord and cauda equina pass through this
A
Vertebral foramen
19
Q
Bony bridge between the vertebral body and the posterior arch
A
Pedicle
20
Q
Connection between anterior and posterior columns of spine
A
Pedicle
21
Q
Bony protrusion on either side of the posterior arch of the vertebra, originating from junction of lamina and pedicle
A
Transverse Process
22
Q
The portion of the posterior arch of the vertebra between the transverse processes and the spinous process
A
Lamina
23
Q
Completes the bony ring protecting the spinal cord and cauda equina
A
Lamina
24
Q
Bony protrusion on the caudal (toward feet) aspect of the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra below
A
Inferior articular process
25
Joins with the superior articular process of the vertebra below to form a facet joint
Inferior articular process
26
Joins with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above to form a facet joint
Superior articular process
27
The cervical spine allows.....
flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation
28
Cervical spine is discussed in two segments...
C1, C2 C3-C7
29
These cervical spine vertebrae are uniquely shaped
Upper cervical
30
These cervical spine vertebrae are consistent in appearance
Lower cervical
31
This vertebrae is known as the atlas
C1
32
Which vertebrae articulates with the occiput
C1/Atlas
33
Described as a ring of bone
Atlas/C1
34
This vertebrae is known as axis
C2
35
C2 has a bony process called the dens which is also known as
odontoid process
36
The dens of C\_ extends cranially into the ring of C\_
C2 into C1
37
This is a pivot point around which C1 can rotate
Dens
38
The rotation of C1 on C2 makes up \_\_% of the rotation in the cervical spine
50%
39
Which are the only vertebrae that lack a disc?
C1 and C2
40
The spinous processes of the cervical spine are \_\_\_\_\_\_
Bifid
41
These three structures make the cervical vertebrae different from the rest of the spine
Lateral mass, transverse foramina, and uncinate process
42
The _____ is made up of the superior and inferior articular processes and the transverse process
Lateral mass
43
This is a column of bone on either side of the vertebral body that provides additional stability for the head
Lateral mass
44
These are openings in the transverse processes of the cervical spine through which the vertebral arteries travel
Transverse foramen
45
This is a lip of bone on the lateral aspect of the vertebral body in the cervical spine
Uncinate process
46
The joints between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs
Costal facets
47
The region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes
Pars interarticularis
48
The forward displacement of one vertebra over another
Spondylolisthesis
49
Deformities in the pars can lead to
Spondylolisthesis
50
What are the two components of the intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
51
Tough outer layer of woven cartilage fibers
Annulus
52
The annulus is _____ anteriorly due to _____ \_\_\_\_\_
Thicket, higher loads
53
Inner portion of disc that is more gelatinous and has a higher water content
Nucleus
54
Where the cartilaginous fibers of the disc anchor
Cartilaginous endplate
55
What percent of the overall height of the spine does the disc constitute
25%
56
Three main functions of disc
Spacer, distribute load, accommodate movement
57
The soft makeup of the discs allows them to assist in absorbing and distributing _____ forces that the spine experiences on daily basis
Axial
58
Five main ligament structures that prevent extremes of motion that could damage spine and spinal cord
ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament
59
Ligament that runs along the anterior surface of VBs from occiput to sacrum - resists excessive extension
ALL
60
Runs along posterior surface of VBs beginning at occiput and extending to sacrum, resists excessive extensions
PLL
61
Ligament that runs along the tip of each spinous process from C7 to sacrum - resists excessive flexion
supraspinous ligament
62
Ligament that connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
Ligament flavum
63
Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Interspinous ligament
64
Continous spinal ligaments
ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligaments
65
Segmental spinous ligaments
Ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligaments
66
Represents supraspinous ligament in cervical spine
Nuchal ligament (connects the occiput and spinous processes of C1 to C7)
67
In the cervical spine the facets are oriented in the ____ plane tilted ____ at approximately ___ degrees to the axial plane
axial, cranially, 45 degrees
68
What does the axial orientation of cervical facets allow
Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension
69
In the thoracic spine, the facets are oriented in the ____ plane and positioned at an angle, generally __ degrees, to the axial plane
front plane, 60 degrees
70
The angled orientation of the thoracic facets resists \_\_\_\_\_\_
rotation
71
In the lumbar spine, the facets are oriented in the _____ plane at an angle approximately ____ to the frontal plane
Sagitall, 45 degrees
72
The sagittal plane orientation of the lumbar facets resists ______ but allows ____ \_\_\_ and ___ \_\_\_
Rotation, lateral bending, flexion/extension
73
Unlike the facets in the cervical and thoracic spine, the facets in the lumbar spine are \_\_\_\_\_
Curved (superior articular processes slightly concave, inferior articular processes slightly convex)
74
What level does the spinal cord extend to?
L1
75
The spinal cord tapers to a cone shape called the ____ \_\_\_\_ as it transitions from the spinal cord to the ____ \_\_\_\_\_
conus medullaris, cauda equina
76
A bundle of nerve elements contained within a membranous sack
Cauda equina
77
The three membranes of the spinal cord are
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater (collectively known as meninges)
78
Transmit signals to specific areas of the body
Spinal nerves
79
The two nerve roots that exit the spinal cord are called
Dorsal and ventral nerve root
80
Transmits sensory information
Dorsal nerve root
81
Transmits motor information
Ventral nerve root
82
Number of spinal nerve pairs
31
83
Number of cervical spine nerve pairs
8
84
Number of thoracic nerve pairs
12
85
Number of Lumbar nerve pairs
5
86
Number of sacral nerve pairs
5
87
Number of coccygeal nerve pairs
1
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_ spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae they exit above
Cervical
89
Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit the spine?
Between C7 and T1
90
All spinal nerves except for cervical are named for the vertebrae they exit \_\_\_\_\_\_
Below
91
Individual spinal nerves innervate specific regions of skin called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Dermatomes
92
\_\_\_\_ are used to diagnose the level of spinal injury
Dermatomes
93
The two branches of a spinal nerve after exiting foramen
Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ symptoms occur in a specific region, usually corresponding to a dermatome.
Radicular
95
– Numbness – Tingling – Weakness – Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles)
Radicular symptom
96
These symptoms usually occur over a larger general area, often on both sides of the body.
Myelopathic symptoms
97
– Gait disturbances – Bowel and bladder dysfunction – Generalized weakness
Myelopathic symptoms
98
Exit aorta at every level
Segmental artery
99
The vena cava is formed by the confluence of the...
Iliac veins
100
Which arteries wrap around the vertebral body and supply the vertebrae and spinal cord with blood
Segmental arteries
101
These vessels carry blood to and from the head
Carotid artery and jugular vein
102
In the cervical spine, the vertebral arteries branch off the aorta via the...
Subclavian arteries
103
Supply blood to the base of the brain
Subclavian artery
