anatomy- upper limb

Question 1

bones of upper limb

Answer 1

clavicle and scapula-pectoral girdle
arm- clavicle, scapula and humerus
forearm- radius and ulna
hand

Question 2

clavicle

Answer 2

features- medial and lateral end, shaft in the middle, conoid tubule- ligament attached to it
two articular surfaces- sternoclavicular joint and acriomioclavicular joint

Question 3

muscular attached to clavicle

Answer 3

• sternocleidomastoid
• pectoralis major
• trapezuis
• deltoid
• subclavius

Question 4

scapula

Answer 4

3 angles- superior, inferior and lateral
3 borders- superior, medial, lateral

Question 5

features of scapula

Answer 5

1. spine of scapula
2. acromion
3. coracoid process
4. glenoid fosaa
5. suprascapular notch
6. supraspinous fossa
7. infraspinous fossa
8. subscapular fossa
9. spinoglenoid notch
10. supranglenoid tubercle
11. infraglenoid tubercle

Question 6

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 6

-synovial saddle joint with fibrocartilaginous articular disc
- minimal bony congruence
-articular disc and ligaments provide stability and movement
- only joint attaching upper limb to the axial skeleton

Question 7

acromioclavicular joint

Answer 7

-synovial plane joint with firbocartilaginous articular disc
-minimal movement
-ligaments less robust

Question 8

glenohumeral joint

Answer 8

-synovial multiaxial (ball and socket) joint
-little bony congruence
- movement comes at the cost of stability
joint stability mostly from soft tissue

Question 9

elbow joint

Answer 9

-synovial complex hinge joint
- high congruence between humerus and ulna
- some congruence between humerus and radius
- capsule is weak anteriorly and posteriorly
- strong collateral ligament complexes medially and laterally

Question 10

proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 10

-synovial, uniaxial pivot joint
- joint between the radial head and radial notch of ulna
- annular ligament holds joint in place

Question 11

distal radioulnar joint

Answer 11

-synovial, uniaxial pivot joint
- joint between ulnar head and ulnar notch of radius
- articular disc between

Question 12

brachialplexus

Answer 12

-provides safety net
- spinal roots c5-t1
-sensory, motor and sympathetic supply

Question 13

brichial plexus sections

Answer 13

roots (formed by anterior arm)–> trunks–> divisions–> cords–> terminal branches

Question 14

fascial covering

Answer 14

-every muscle has a fascial covering
-thicker fascial coverings (deep fascia) form around muscle groups creating compartments
- limits the space available should any inflammation occur

Question 15

muscle group- posterior axio

Answer 15

appendicular muscles
- superficial: trapezius and latissimus doris
- deep- levator scapulae and rhomboid major/minor

Question 16

muscle group- anterior axio

Answer 16

-appendicular muslces
- pectrolaris major, pectrolaris minor, serratus anterior, subclavius

Question 17

muscle group- scapulohumeral muscles

Answer 17

-deltoid
-teres major
- rotator cuff

Question 18

anterior axio-appendiculat muslce, pectoralis major

Answer 18

• clavicle and sternum to intertubercular groove
  -medial and lateral pectoral nerve C6-T1
• GH joint- adduction, medial rotation, flexion (clavicular head), extension (sternocostal head)
• scapulothoracic joint- draws scapula anteroinferiorly

Question 19

anterior axio-appendicular muscle, pectoralis minor

Answer 19

• coracoid process to (costal cartilage of ribs 3-5)
  -lateral pectoral nerve (c8-t1)
• scapulothoracic joint- draws scapula anteroinferiorly

Question 20

anterior axio-appendicular muscles, serratus anterior and subclavius

Answer 20

serratus anterior- medial border of scapula to ribs 1-9
long thoracic nerve (c5-7)
protraction and rotation of scapula

subclavius
- clavicle to first rib
- nerve to subclavius (c5-6)
-anchors and depresses clavicle

Question 21

scapulohumeral muscle- deltoid

Answer 21

-lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula to deltoid tuberosity of humerus
- axillary nerve (C5-6)
-clavicular part- flexion, medial rotation of arm
- acromial part- abduction of arm
- spinal part- extension, lateral rotation of arm

Question 22

scapulohumeral muscles, teres major

Answer 22

-inferior lateral border of scapula to intertubecular groove
-lower subscapular nerve (C5-6)
- anchors and depresses clavicle
incorrect info

Question 23

scapulohumeral muscles- rotator cuff

Answer 23

• makes up of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor muscles
• forms tendinous cuff over GH joint capsule on 3 sides
• collective action to hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity during all movements of the GH joint

Question 24

scapulohumeral muscles, innervation

Answer 24

• supraspinatus/infraspinatus= surprascapular nerve C4-6
• subscapularis = subscapular nerve (C5-7)
• teres minor = axillary nerve (C5-6)

Question 25

rotator cuff actions

Answer 25

supraspinatus- abduction to 15 degrees infraspinatus/teres minor- lateral rotation subscapularis- medial rotation

Question 26

muscle groups- anterior/flexor compartment of the arm

Answer 26

-biceps branchi -coracobrachialis - brachials musculocutaneous nerve

Question 27

muscle groups- posterior/extensor compartment of the arm

Answer 27

- triceps branchii - anconeus radial nerve

Question 28

anterior forarm muscles- superficial layer

Answer 28

pronator teres flexor carpi radialis also abduction of hand palmaris longis flexor carpi ulnaris also adduction of hand common origin = medial epicondyle to flex the wrist the muscles must cross the wrist

Question 29

anterior forearm muscles- intermediate layer

Answer 29

intermediate layer flexor digitorum superficialis 4 tendons: 1 to each middle phalanx of digits 2-5 flex all joints it crosses

Question 30

anterior forearm muscles- deep

Answer 30

flexor digitorum profundus distal phalanx of digits 2-5 flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus

Question 31

posterior forearm muscles

Answer 31

brachioradialis flexor of mid-pronated forearm extensor carpi radialis longus also abduction of hand extensor carpi radialis brevis also abduction of hand extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi common origin = lateral epicondyle extensors help extend all joints they cross

Question 32

posterior forearm muscles- deep layer

Answer 32

supinator extensor indicis abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensors help extend all joints they cross