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Anatomy Terms > Anatomy Vocab For Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Vocab For Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the human body

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2
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the cell and sub-cell level

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3
Q

Histology

A

Study of the function of tissues

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4
Q

Name a few of the organ systems in a human body

A 
Digestive
Endocrine
Circulatory/Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Integumentary 
Nervous
Skeletal
Reproductive
Lymphatic
Urinary
Muscular
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5
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the human body

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6
Q

The anatomic position

A

Standing upright
Facing forward
Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body

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7
Q

What are the functions of body cavities?

A

Separate organs from other matter
Protect organs
Support organs

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8
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Located at the head

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9
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Located along the spine

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10
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Located in the chest area

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11
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Located at the abs and belly above the pelvis

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12
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Cavities of thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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13
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Located around the lungs

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14
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Located around the heart

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15
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Located around the pelvis

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16
Q

Cavities

A

Small empty spaces that are bounded by serous membranes. They have two layers and contain serous fluid between them

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17
Q

Visceral

A

Organ side of membrane

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18
Q

Parietal

A

Body wall side of membrane

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19
Q

Name a few types of cells

A 
Skin
Blood
Nerve
Epithelial
Bone
Fat
Brain
Muscle
Germ (stem)
Cancer (tumor)
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20
Q

What are the functions of covering cells

A

To protect outer surface of the body (ex. Epithelial skin cells)

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21
Q

What are the function of lining cells?

A

To regulate nutrient movement into body tissues (ex. Epithelial cells in the small intestine)

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22
Q

What are the functions of storage cells?

A

To store lipid reserves (ex. Fat cells and lipid cells)

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23
Q

What are the functions of movement cells?

A

To pump blood and move skeleton.

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24
Q

What are the functions of connection cells?

A

To form ligaments to attach bones (ex. Collagen)

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25
Q

What are the functions of defense cells?

A

To protect the body for pathogens.

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26
Q

What are the functions of communication cells?

A

They send information to the brain (ex. Nerve cells)

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27
Q

What are the function of reproductive cells?

A

To produce new blood cells and germ cells.

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28
Q

Name protein specific functions of the cell membrane

A 
Transport
Connection
Anchorage
Enzyme activity
Recognition 
Signal transduction
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29
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump work?

A

3 sodium ions pump out while 2 potassium ions pump in.

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30
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process where intracellular vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane and releases chemicals into the extra cellular fluid.

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31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Receptor mediated endocytosis

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32
Q

What are the layers of the uterus (from innermost to outermost)?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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33
Q

What are the finger like projections near the ovaries?

A

They are fimbriae, which are not physically connected to the ovaries. The egg comes out of the ovaries with the help of ciliated epithelial tissue in the fimbriae.

34
Q

Where do the egg and sperm fuse?

A

They fuse in the uterine tube.

35
Q

Does the menstrual cycle vary between women?

A

Yes, it depends on phased before ovulation.

36
Q

How long do egg and speed survive?

A

The egg can survive for 24 hrs while sperm can survive up to 5 days.

37
Q

When is it a good idea for a couple to avoid intercourse to avoid pregnancy?

A

3 days before, the day of, and one day after ovulation.

38
Q

Embryoblast

A

Structure in womb that becomes the embryo

39
Q

Trophoblast

A

Structure in womb that becomes the placenta

40
Q

What is the timeline of the first week of pregnancy?

A
  1. Fertilization in the uterine tube 12-24 hrs after ovulation
  2. Cleavage (30 hrs after fertilization)
  3. Blastocyst 4-5 days after fertilization
  4. Implantation in uterine wall 6 days after fertilization.
41
Q

How does a women’s body know if it’s pregnant?

A

Pregnancy tests look for levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) that is released when fertilization occurs.

42
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that perform a common function.

43
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

44
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • has more cells than ECM and blood vessels
  • for protection and secretion
  • form continuous sheets
  • found on internal and external linings of organs
45
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • abundant and diverse
  • “glue” of the body
  • has more ECM than cells
  • ex. Tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage, and blood
46
Q

What two surfaces does epithelium have?

A
  • apical (top) surface

- basal (bottom) surface, which is attached to the basement membrane.

47
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • fuse cells together (as if seen together)
  • encircles them near apical surface
  • forced substances to move through epithelial cells
  • found in stomach, intestines, and bladder
48
Q

Adherens junctions

A
  • dense layer of proteins that encircle a cell like a belt
  • makes passageway between cells from apical surface and exit to the basement membrane.
  • resists separation of cells
  • found below tight junctions
49
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • resists tension
  • does not totally encircle the cell
  • found in skin cells and cardiac muscle
  • they differ from other junctions I that they do not form belts and intercellular attachment is different.
50
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • “little tunnels” made of connexin
  • helps cells communicate using chemical signals and receive nutrients.
  • found everywhere
51
Q

Structure of epithelial tissue

A
  • have apical and basal surface
  • avascular (no blood vessels)
  • have lots of nerves
  • regenerate often
52
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

By layer type and shape

53
Q

Simple epithelium

A

One cell layer in direct context with basement membrane. Used for diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption (like serous membranes)

54
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells like a brick wall. Used for secretion, absorption, and protection (upper respiratory tract)

55
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Layered cells distributed at different levels. Used for protection of underlying tissues that get a lot of wear and tear (lining of mouth)

56
Q

Squamous

A
  • scaly and irregular shape

- allows for rapid passage of substances (blood vessels)

57
Q

Cuboidal

A
  • cube shaped cells
  • used for secretion and absorption (kidney tubules)
  • may have microvilli
58
Q

Columnar

A
  • column shaped cells
  • used for secretion and absorption (lining of stomach)
  • may have cilia or microvilli
59
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flattened cells
  • allows movement of molecules, diffusion, osmosis, secretion, and filtration
  • found in lining of alveoli and blood vessel walls
60
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of cube shaped cells
  • used to absorb and secrete materials
  • found in ovaries and thyroid gland. Also found in tear ducts, salivary glands, mammary glands, and sweat glands
61
Q

Microvilliated simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of of columnar cells that have microvilli on top
  • have goblet cells for mucus production
  • used for secretion and absorption
62
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of columnar cells that have cilia and goblet cells
  • used for the movement of fluids and particles
63
Q

Unmodified simple columnar epithelium

A
  • relatively rare
  • has two or more layers of cells but apical surface is columnar with goblet cells
  • found in salivary glands and male urethra
64
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • special case*
  • epithelium is not really stratified because all cells are in contact with basement membrane
  • nuclei are scattered at different distances
  • function to trap particles along respiratory tract, secretion, and mucus movement
  • found in upper respiratory tract
65
Q

Microvilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • special case*
  • absorbs, protects, and reinforces
  • found at the epididymis of the testicles
66
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • apical cells are squamous
  • top layers have keratin for shame and waterproofing
  • used for protection
  • found on the skin
67
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • apical cells are squamous
  • protection
  • found at mouth, esophagus, and vagina where it gets lots of wear and tear
68
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • apical cells are cuboidal
  • protection and reinforcement
  • rare
  • located at large ducts of some glands, such as sweat glands.
69
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • apical cells are columnar
  • protection and reinforcement
  • rare
  • located at male urethra
70
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • special case*
  • apical cell shape changed with stretching and relaxation
  • found in urinary bladder lining
71
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

-functions to secrete

72
Q

What are two types of glands?

A
  • endocrine: do not possess ducts and secrete hormones directly (pituitary, pancreas)
  • exocrine: secretes products into ducts (sweat, salivary glands)
73
Q

What is the general structure of exocrine glands?

A

Have a secretory portion and a conducting portion

74
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A
  • simple vs compound (branching)

- tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar glands (shape of secretory part of gland)

75
Q

What’s the structural classification of sweat glands?

A

Simple coiled tubular

76
Q

What’s the structural classification of sebaceous glands?

A

Simple branches acinar

77
Q

What’s the structural classification of mammary glands?

A

Compound acinar

78
Q

What is the type of secretion for sweat/salivary glands?

A

Merocrine glands

79
Q

What is the type of secretion for sebaceous?

A

Holocrine glands

80
Q

What is the type of secretion for mammary?

A

Apocrine glands

Anatomy Terms (2 decks)

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