Anatomy Vocab For Exam 1 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the function of the human body
2
Q
Cytology
A
Study of the cell and sub-cell level
3
Q
Histology
A
Study of the function of tissues
4
Q
Name a few of the organ systems in a human body
A
Digestive Endocrine Circulatory/Cardiovascular Respiratory Integumentary Nervous Skeletal Reproductive Lymphatic Urinary Muscular
5
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of the structure of the human body
6
Q
The anatomic position
A
Standing upright
Facing forward
Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
7
Q
What are the functions of body cavities?
A
Separate organs from other matter
Protect organs
Support organs
8
Q
Cranial cavity
A
Located at the head
9
Q
Vertebral cavity
A
Located along the spine
10
Q
Thoracic cavity
A
Located in the chest area
11
Q
Abdominopelvic cavity
A
Located at the abs and belly above the pelvis
12
Q
Ventral cavity
A
Cavities of thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
13
Q
Pleural cavity
A
Located around the lungs
14
Q
Pericardial cavity
A
Located around the heart
15
Q
Pelvic cavity
A
Located around the pelvis
16
Q
Cavities
A
Small empty spaces that are bounded by serous membranes. They have two layers and contain serous fluid between them
17
Q
Visceral
A
Organ side of membrane
18
Q
Parietal
A
Body wall side of membrane
19
Q
Name a few types of cells
A
Skin Blood Nerve Epithelial Bone Fat Brain Muscle Germ (stem) Cancer (tumor)
20
Q
What are the functions of covering cells
A
To protect outer surface of the body (ex. Epithelial skin cells)
21
Q
What are the function of lining cells?
A
To regulate nutrient movement into body tissues (ex. Epithelial cells in the small intestine)
22
Q
What are the functions of storage cells?
A
To store lipid reserves (ex. Fat cells and lipid cells)
23
Q
What are the functions of movement cells?
A
To pump blood and move skeleton.
24
Q
What are the functions of connection cells?
A
To form ligaments to attach bones (ex. Collagen)
25
What are the functions of defense cells?
To protect the body for pathogens.
26
What are the functions of communication cells?
They send information to the brain (ex. Nerve cells)
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What are the function of reproductive cells?
To produce new blood cells and germ cells.
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Name protein specific functions of the cell membrane
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Transport
Connection
Anchorage
Enzyme activity
Recognition
Signal transduction
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29
How does the sodium potassium pump work?
3 sodium ions pump out while 2 potassium ions pump in.
30
Exocytosis
Process where intracellular vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane and releases chemicals into the extra cellular fluid.
31
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Receptor mediated endocytosis
32
What are the layers of the uterus (from innermost to outermost)?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
33
What are the finger like projections near the ovaries?
They are fimbriae, which are not physically connected to the ovaries. The egg comes out of the ovaries with the help of ciliated epithelial tissue in the fimbriae.
34
Where do the egg and sperm fuse?
They fuse in the uterine tube.
35
Does the menstrual cycle vary between women?
Yes, it depends on phased before ovulation.
36
How long do egg and speed survive?
The egg can survive for 24 hrs while sperm can survive up to 5 days.
37
When is it a good idea for a couple to avoid intercourse to avoid pregnancy?
3 days before, the day of, and one day after ovulation.
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Embryoblast
Structure in womb that becomes the embryo
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Trophoblast
Structure in womb that becomes the placenta
40
What is the timeline of the first week of pregnancy?
1. Fertilization in the uterine tube 12-24 hrs after ovulation
2. Cleavage (30 hrs after fertilization)
3. Blastocyst 4-5 days after fertilization
4. Implantation in uterine wall 6 days after fertilization.
41
How does a women's body know if it's pregnant?
Pregnancy tests look for levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) that is released when fertilization occurs.
42
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform a common function.
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Types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
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Epithelial tissue
- has more cells than ECM and blood vessels
- for protection and secretion
- form continuous sheets
- found on internal and external linings of organs
45
Connective tissue
- abundant and diverse
- "glue" of the body
- has more ECM than cells
- ex. Tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage, and blood
46
What two surfaces does epithelium have?
- apical (top) surface
| - basal (bottom) surface, which is attached to the basement membrane.
47
Tight junctions
- fuse cells together (as if seen together)
- encircles them near apical surface
- forced substances to move through epithelial cells
- found in stomach, intestines, and bladder
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Adherens junctions
- dense layer of proteins that encircle a cell like a belt
- makes passageway between cells from apical surface and exit to the basement membrane.
- resists separation of cells
- found below tight junctions
49
Desmosomes
- resists tension
- does not totally encircle the cell
- found in skin cells and cardiac muscle
- they differ from other junctions I that they do not form belts and intercellular attachment is different.
50
Gap junctions
- "little tunnels" made of connexin
- helps cells communicate using chemical signals and receive nutrients.
- found everywhere
51
Structure of epithelial tissue
- have apical and basal surface
- avascular (no blood vessels)
- have lots of nerves
- regenerate often
52
How is epithelium classified?
By layer type and shape
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Simple epithelium
One cell layer in direct context with basement membrane. Used for diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption (like serous membranes)
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Stratified epithelium
Two or more layers of cells like a brick wall. Used for secretion, absorption, and protection (upper respiratory tract)
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Pseudostratified
Layered cells distributed at different levels. Used for protection of underlying tissues that get a lot of wear and tear (lining of mouth)
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Squamous
- scaly and irregular shape
| - allows for rapid passage of substances (blood vessels)
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Cuboidal
- cube shaped cells
- used for secretion and absorption (kidney tubules)
- may have microvilli
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Columnar
- column shaped cells
- used for secretion and absorption (lining of stomach)
- may have cilia or microvilli
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Simple squamous epithelium
- Single layer of flattened cells
- allows movement of molecules, diffusion, osmosis, secretion, and filtration
- found in lining of alveoli and blood vessel walls
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
- single layer of cube shaped cells
- used to absorb and secrete materials
- found in ovaries and thyroid gland. Also found in tear ducts, salivary glands, mammary glands, and sweat glands
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Microvilliated simple columnar epithelium
- single layer of of columnar cells that have microvilli on top
- have goblet cells for mucus production
- used for secretion and absorption
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
- single layer of columnar cells that have cilia and goblet cells
- used for the movement of fluids and particles
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Unmodified simple columnar epithelium
- relatively rare
- has two or more layers of cells but apical surface is columnar with goblet cells
- found in salivary glands and male urethra
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* special case*
- epithelium is not really stratified because all cells are in contact with basement membrane
- nuclei are scattered at different distances
- function to trap particles along respiratory tract, secretion, and mucus movement
- found in upper respiratory tract
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Microvilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* special case*
- absorbs, protects, and reinforces
- found at the epididymis of the testicles
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- apical cells are squamous
- top layers have keratin for shame and waterproofing
- used for protection
- found on the skin
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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- apical cells are squamous
- protection
- found at mouth, esophagus, and vagina where it gets lots of wear and tear
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
- apical cells are cuboidal
- protection and reinforcement
- rare
- located at large ducts of some glands, such as sweat glands.
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Stratified columnar epithelium
- apical cells are columnar
- protection and reinforcement
- rare
- located at male urethra
70
Transitional epithelium
* special case*
- apical cell shape changed with stretching and relaxation
- found in urinary bladder lining
71
Glandular epithelium
-functions to secrete
72
What are two types of glands?
- endocrine: do not possess ducts and secrete hormones directly (pituitary, pancreas)
- exocrine: secretes products into ducts (sweat, salivary glands)
73
What is the general structure of exocrine glands?
Have a secretory portion and a conducting portion
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How are exocrine glands classified?
- simple vs compound (branching)
| - tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar glands (shape of secretory part of gland)
75
What's the structural classification of sweat glands?
Simple coiled tubular
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What's the structural classification of sebaceous glands?
Simple branches acinar
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What's the structural classification of mammary glands?
Compound acinar
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What is the type of secretion for sweat/salivary glands?
Merocrine glands
79
What is the type of secretion for sebaceous?
Holocrine glands
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What is the type of secretion for mammary?
Apocrine glands
