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anatomy week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how many body systems are there in the human body?

A

11

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2
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart + blood vessels
blood vessels include:
- arteries
-veins
-capillaries

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • supply oxygen rich blood to the body
  • remove CO2 waste from the bloodstream to prevent toxic accumulation
  • transports nutrients + hormones thorughout the body
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4
Q

what does the left side of the heart contain + how is this transferred throughout the body.

A

oxygenated blood that originates from the lungs. through arteries

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5
Q

what do arteries branch off into?

A

arterioles then capillaries

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6
Q

what transfers deoxygenated blood and where does it go too? what happens to the blood after?

A

veins
to the right side of the heart where it is pumped back to the lungs for reoxygenation + CO2 removal

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7
Q

whats the primary function of the digestive system?

A

break down food into usable components for the bodys cells and eliminates toxic waste from the body

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8
Q

what does saliva break down starches to?

A

simple sugars

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9
Q

what’s the chronological order of organs used for food digestion?

A
  1. mouth
  2. saliva
  3. esophagus
    4.stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. large intestine
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10
Q

where does most the nutrient absorption occur?

A

small intestine

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11
Q

what aids the small intestine in digestion and nutrient absorption?

A

bile

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12
Q

where is bile stored + made?

A

stored: liver
made: gallbladder

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13
Q

what does bile do?

A

breaks down fats and carries away waste

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14
Q

what is carried to the large intestine and what occurs there?

A

indigestible food
final water and electrolyte absorption

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15
Q

what does the colon do in the large intestine?

A

absorbs vitamins produce by resident bacteria before passing the waste to the rectum and anu for evacuation

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16
Q

whats the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

produces+ secretes hormones that regulate various metabolic functions

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17
Q

what is the role of the pineal gland?

A

produce + regulate melatonin, a hormone that controls sleep patterns

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18
Q

what is the role of the adrenal gland?

A

involved in blood pressure control, the stress response and sexual development

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19
Q

what is the role of the pancreas gland?

A

produces insulin which is a hormone that controls blood sugar levels

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20
Q

what is the primary role of the integumentary system?

A

protection against external damage + infections, regulation of body temperature and sensory reception

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21
Q

what are some examples of structures that are in the integumentary system?

A
  • skin
    -hair
    -nails
    -glands
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22
Q

what is the primary role of the lymphatic and immune systems?

A

filter out lymph fluid to maintain proper fluid balance and helps maintain the bodys immune function

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23
Q

how is lymph formed?

A

formed from the fluid that moves out of bloodstream and the bodys cells + tissues. rich in nutrients + white blood cells

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24
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A
  • monitor + filter lymph
    -checking for toxins + infectious agents
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25
what is the largest organ in the lympathic system + what does it do?
spleen: filters blood+ produces lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection)
26
what does lymphocytes include?
- T cells - B cells -natural killer (NK) cells
27
whats the primary function of the muscular system?
provide voluntary + involuntary movements of body parts + organs
28
what is the function of skeletal(striated) muscles?
control voluntary movement maintain posture
29
what are tendons+ what do they do?
-fibrous connective tissue that bind muscle + bones - stabilize joints during movement
30
where are smooth muscles found + what is their function?
walls of blood vessels+ digestive tract contorl involuntary movement that supports blood flow + digestion
31
what is the cardiac muscle's function?
responsible for rhythmic contraction of the heart
32
what is the primary function of the nervous system?
controls and regulates conscious and unconscious functioning of the body. sends + receives signals throughout the body to allow sensing of and interaction with the environment
33
what is the function of the peripheral NS?
sends info to and from the CNS
34
what does the peripheral NS consist of?
the autonomic and somatic NS
35
what is the function of the ANS?
controls involuntary functions e.g heart, smooth muscles
36
what is the function of the SNS?
signals from the CNS to the skeletal msucles to mediate voluntary movement
37
what are ganglia?
nerve clusters that function to relay nerve impulses by connecting CNS + PNS
38
what is the primary function of the reproductive system?
- sexual functioning and reproduction - produces + transports gametes + develops offspring - produces sex hormones
39
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?
absorb oxygen form the air + remove CO2
40
what is the primary function of the skeletal system?
physically supports + protects the body and enables movement
41
where do bones connect at?
joints
42
what is soft tissue in bones called and what is its function
bone marrow produces red and white blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis
43
what is the function of the urinary system?
filters waste products from the blood + forms urine which can then be excreted
44
where does the primary filtering process in the urinary system occur?
kidneys that produce urine
45
what is urine composed of?
urea, water, electrolytes
46
what other functions does the urinary system have?
helps regulate: - blood volume - blood pressure -blood pH - electrolyte levels
47
what does superior mean?
describing one point to another in terms of the direction of the head e.g victims' nose is superior to their mouth
48
what does inferior mean?
describing on point to another in terms of the direction of the feet. e.g the knee is inferior to the hip
49
what does anterior mean?
a description for a point on the front side of the body e.g your chest in anterior to your back
50
what does posterior mean?
description for a point on the back side of your body e.g your back is posterior to your chest
51
what does medial mean?
describing one point to another in terms of moving towards the midline of the body e.g the nose is medial
52
what does lateral mean?
describing on point to another in terms of moving away from the midline of the body e.g the little toe is lateral to the big toe
53
what does ipsilateral mean?
on the same side of the body e.g the appendix and gall bladder are ipsilateral
54
what does contralateral mean?
on the opposite side of the body e.g the spleen and liver are contralateral
55
what does proximal mean?
closer to the point of attachment e.g the proximal end of the humerus bone is the shoulder
56
what does distal mean?
remote from the point of attachment e.g the distal end of the humerus bone is locate at the elbow
57
what does superficial mean?
toward or on the surface of the body or organ e.g superficial wounds
58
what does deep mean?
away from or penetrating the surface of the body e.g ribs are deep to the skin of the chest
59
what is the sagittal plane?
divides body or organs into right and left sections
60
what does the sagittal plane include?
1. midsagittal 2. parasagittal
61
what is midsagittal plane?
divides the body or organ into exactly equal halves
62
what is the parasagittal plane?
divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sections
63
what is the frontal (coronal) plane?
divides the body or organ into anterior(front) + posterior(back)
64
what is the transverse plane?
divided the body or organ into superior(top) and the inferior (bottom) sections
65
what is the oblique plane?
passes through the body or organ at an angle+ divides the body into unequal sections
66
what is a body cavity?
confined spaces within the body that contain internal organs
67
what are body cavities principally divided into?
dorsal body cavity+ventral body cavity
68
what does the dorsal cavity refer to?
the posterior nature of the cavity
69
what does the dorsal cavity subdivide into?
1. cranial cavity 2. vertebral canal
70
what is the cranial cavity?
bones that make up the skull +protect the brain
71
what is the vertebral canal?
bones that make up the spine + protect the spinal cord includes the spinal roots
72
what is the ventral body cavity?
ventral means front
73
what are the two main subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
1. thoracic cavity (superior) 2. abdominopelvic cavity (inferior)
74
what is the thoracic cavity (chest) subdivided into further?
1. two pleural cavities (lungs) 2. mediastinum (area medial to the lungs)
75
what is the abdominopelvic cavity?
- seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphragm - subdivided into pelvic cavity + abdominal cavity

human evidence (6 decks)

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