Anatomy Wk 2

Question 1

What is the vertebral column

Answer 1

• extending from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx
• protects the spinal cord and nerves
• supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis
  -plays an important role in posture and locomotion

Question 2

What happens before birth

Answer 2

• the spine consists of 33 separate bones called the vertebrae
• 9 of these eventually fuse to form the two composite bones, the sacrum and coccyx, that construct the inferior portion of the vertebral column

Question 3

Name the segmentation of the vertebral column

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Answer 3

33 segments
Cervical segment - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic segment- 12 vertebrae
Lumbar segment - 5 vertebrae
Sacral segment- 5 vertebrae
Coccygeal segment- 4 vertebrae

Question 4

What are the spinal curvatures

Answer 4

Primary- thoracic and sacral convex
Secondary- cervical and lumbar concave

Question 5

When are the primary curvatures present

Answer 5

When we are born

Question 6

When are the secondary curvatures present

Answer 6

They develop sometime after birth

Question 7

Name the abnormal curvatures

Answer 7

Kyphosis- abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature
Lordosis - anterior rotation of the pelvis producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
Scoliosis-abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

Question 8

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK FOR ABNORMAL CURVATURES

Question 9

Describe the body or centrum

Answer 9

Disc - like, weight - bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column

Question 10

Describe the structure of the vertebral arch

Answer 10

Arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicels, from the vertebral body

Question 11

Describe the vertebral foramen

Answer 11

Canal through which the spinal cord passes

Question 12

What are the transverse processes

Answer 12

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Question 13

What is the spinous process

Answer 13

Single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch

Question 14

What is the superior articular and inferior articular process

Answer 14

Paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

Question 15

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Question 16

What does the typical vertebrae consist of

Answer 16

Vertebral body and vertebral arch

Extending from the vertebral arch are a number of processes from a vertebral arch are a number of processes fro muscle attachment and articulation with adjacent bone

Question 17

What is the vertebral body

Answer 17

Major weight bearing part of the vertebrae and is linked to adjacent vertebral bodies by in-vertebral discs and ligaments

Question 18

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Question 19

Where is the vertebral arch

Answer 19

Firmly anchored tot he posterior surface of the vertebral body by two pedicles, which form lateral pillars of the vertebral arch

The roof of the vertebral arch is formed by right and left laminate which fuse to the midline

Question 20

Where are the vertebral arch aligned

Answer 20

Form the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal which extends to the first cervical vertebra (c1) to the last sacral vertebra (s5)

Question 21

What is the function of the vertebral arch

Answer 21

Bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue, fat and proximal part of the spinal nerves

Question 22

What are the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch

Answer 22

• attachment for muscles and ligaments
• levers for the action of muscles
• sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae

Question 23

Where does the spinous project project from

Answer 23

Posteriorly and inferiority from the roof of the vertebral arch

Question 24

Each vertebra also contains…

Answer 24

Rib elements

Question 25

Where are the typical cervical vertebrae

Answer 25

C3 through to C7

Question 26

Describe the cervical vertebrae

Answer 26

Smallest, lightest vertebrae and most often their spinous processes are short and divided into two branches

Question 27

What do the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae contain

Answer 27

Foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass on their way to the brain above

Question 28

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Question 29

What is the transverse foramen

Answer 29

Is an opening that is occupied by the vertebral artery and vein

Question 30

What is the atlas

Answer 30

Vertebra C1 articulates with the head. It’s major distinguishing feature is that it lacks the vertebral body

Question 31

What does the vertebral body of C1 fuse to

Answer 31

Body of C2 during the development to become the dens of C2 as a result there is no invertebral disc between c1 and c2

Question 32

What are the atlas and axis specialised to do

Answer 32

Accommodate movement of the head

Question 33

What does each lateral mass articulate with

Answer 33

An occipital condyle of the skull and below with the superior articular process of the vertebra C2 (the axis)

Question 34

What are the transverse processes of the atlas

Answer 34

Large and protrude further laterally and act as levers for muscle action

Question 35

What is the axis characterised by

Answer 35

The large tooth like dens, which extends superiority from the vertebral body

Question 36

Describe the anterior surface of the dens

Answer 36

Oval facet for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas

Question 37

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

Answer 37

12 (T1 to T12) are all typical

Question 38

Describe the size of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 38

Larger than cervical vertebrae and by the fact that they are the only vertebrae to articulate the ribs

Question 39

Describe the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 39

Articulate with tubercles of the ribs

Question 40

What is the spinous process

Answer 40

Long and hook sharply downward causing the vertebra to like a giraffes head

Question 41

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Question 42

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 42

5 (L1to L5). Has massive block like bodies that are shaped like a kidney bean Larger and heavier than those of other regions

Question 43

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Question 44

What is the sacrum

Answer 44

Is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae - each winglike ala articulates laterally with the hip bone forming a sacroiliac joint - forms posterior wall of the pelvis

Question 45

What is the coccyx

Answer 45

Is formed by the fusion of 4 or 5 tiny irregularly shaped vertebrae

Question 46

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Question 47

What is intervertebral foramina

Answer 47

The foramen is formed between adjacent vertebral arches and is closely related to intervertebral joints - the superior and inferior margins are formed by notches in adjacent pedicles - the posterior margin is formed by the articulation processes of the vertebral arches and associated joints - the anterior border is formed by the intervertebral disc

Question 48

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Question 49

What are the joints of the vertebral column

Answer 49

- joints of vertebral bodies - joints of vertebral arches - craniovertebral joints - sacroiliac joints

Question 50

What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae

Answer 50

Symphyses between vertebral bodies Synovial joints between articulation processes

Question 51

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Question 52

What is the symphysis formed by

Answer 52

Layer of hyaline cartilage on each vertebral body and invertebral disc which lies between layers

Question 53

What does the intervertebral disc consist of

Answer 53

Outer annulus fibrosis - which surrounds a nucleus pulposus -> which is gelatinous and absorbs compression forces between vertebrae

Question 54

What are the joints between vertebral arches called

Answer 54

Zygapophysical joints

Question 55

Where are the zygapophysical joints

Answer 55

The synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae

Question 56

What are uncovertebral joints

Answer 56

The lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips and termed as uncinate processes

Question 57

What are ligaments

Answer 57

Joints between vertebrae are reinforced and supported by numerous ligaments which pass between vertebral bodies and interconnect components of the vertebral arches

Question 58

What is the anterior longitudes ligament

Answer 58

Is attached superiority to the base of the skull and extends inferiorly to attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum - along its length it is attached to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Question 59

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 59

On posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the posterior surface of the vertebral canal

Question 60

What is ligamenta Flava

Answer 60

On each side, pass between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae - resist separation of the laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomical position

Question 61

Where does the supraspinous ligament connect and pass

Answer 61

Along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra C7 to the sacrum

Question 62

What is the vertebra C7 to the skull called

Answer 62

Ligament is called ligamentum nuchae

Question 63

What is the structure and function of ligamentum uncharted

Answer 63

Is a sheet like structure in the medial Sagittal plane Supports the head - it resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomical position

Question 64

What are interspinous liagments

Answer 64

Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes They attach from the base to the apex of each spinous process and blend with a supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava on each side

Question 65

Typical spinal curvature of a baby and adult

Answer 65

Baby c shaped Adult s shaped