Anatomy year 1 Flashcards
(329 cards)
1
Q
What are the following labels on this cadaver?
A
2
Q
What is more posterior, the oesophagus or trachea?
A
Oesophagus
3
Q
What are the following labels?
A
4
Q
What are the folliwing labels?
A
5
Q
What are the following labels?
A
6
Q
What are the following labels?
A
7
Q
What are the following labels?
A
8
Q
What are the following labels?
A
9
Q
What are are subdivisions of the mediastinum?
A
10
Q
At what level are the superior and middle/anterior/posterior mediastinum seperated?
A
The sternal angle, the line reaches back to T4/T5.
11
Q
What is the mediastinum?
A
The thoracic mediastinum is the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs
12
Q
What is located in the posterior mediastinum?
A
The oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos veins, vagus nerves and sympathetic chains.
13
Q
What are the different types of pericardium?
A
Tough outer layer= fibrous pericardium, attaches to diaphragm
2 layered inner layer= parietal lines inner surface of fibrous while visceral covers outer surface of heart
14
Q
What is the pericardial cavity?
A
The potential space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium, contains fluid
15
Q
What/where is the transvere sinus in the pericardium?
A
The transverse pericardial sinus is the transverse communication between the left and right parts of the pericardial space proper behind the two outflow arteries of the heart.
It is posterior to the intrapericardial parts of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava
16
Q
What are the following labels?
A
17
Q
What are the following labels?
A
18
Q
What structures carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the heart?
A
19
Q
What are the following labels?
A
20
Q
What order does blood flow through the heart?
A
Superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulomary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulomary vein -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta
21
Q
What are the musculari pectinati?
A
The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel muscular ridges in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.
22
Q
What is the crista terminalis?
A
The crista terminalis (terminal crest) is a C-shaped ridge located in the endocardial aspect of the right atrium of the heart
23
Q
What are the following features of the right atrium of the heart?
A
24
Q
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
A
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
24
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
25
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it?
The fossa ovalis is a depressed structure, of varying shapes, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum. It is a remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation
26
What are the following labels?
27
What are the following labels?
28
What is the coronary sinus?
The coronary sinus is the major venous tributary of the greater cardiac venous system; it is responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium
29
What are the chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
29
What are the chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
30
What are the papillary muscles?
The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles
31
What are the trabeculae carneae?
The trabeculae carneae are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.
32
What are the missing labels?
33
What are the missing labels?
34
What are the 4 heart valaves and how many cusps do they have?
35
Where and what is the left auricular appendage?
Your left atrial appendage is a small pouch, shaped like a windsock, found in the top left of your heart
Seen below as LAA
36
How do the right and left ventricles differ from one another?
37
What are the following arteries?
38
What does the left coronary artery supply and split into?
The left main coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle. The left main coronary divides into branches:
The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.
The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and encircles the heart muscle. This artery supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart.
39
What does the right coronary artery supply and split into?
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes.
The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches, including the right posterior interventricular artery and the right marginal artery
40
Where is the position of the SA node?
41
What are the missing labels?
Descending artery= interventricular artery
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
44
Where is the coronary sinus located?
It arises along the posterior aspect of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle
45
What are the aortic sinuses?
An aortic sinus is one of the anatomic dilatations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. Coloured stars below
46
What are the missing labels?
47
What artery is this?
Brachiocephalic trunk
48
What artery is this?
Right subclavian
49
What artery is this?
Right common carotid
50
What artery is this?
Left external carotid
51
What artery is this?
Left internal carotid
52
What vein is this?
Left brachiocephalic
53
What vein is this?
Left subclavian
54
What vein is this?
Left internal jugular
55
What vein is this?
Left external jugular
56
What is the midaxillary line?
The midaxillary line is an imaginary landmark line that runs through an individual's torso, separating the body into its anterior and posterior
57
What are the following imaginary lines?
58
Why are the midclavicular and midaxillary line important when thinking about pleural cavities?
They aid in visualising where the pleural cavities lie within a patient. The midaxillary line is used to insert a pleural tap (thoracentesis), to remove air or fluid from the pleural cavity.
59
What are the pleural cavities?
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
60
What is the function of the pleural cavities?
They provide surface tension and cohesion to keep the lung surfaces in contact with the thoracic wall.
61
What are the pleural recesses?
The lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity, creating two pleural recesses
Known as costodiaphragmatic recesses
62
The left costomediastinal recess is larger than the right, why?
Due to the presence of the cardiac notch in the left lung, which is more pronounced than the notch in the parietal pleural surrounding the left lung.
63
What are the following labels?
64
What is the name of the muscle forming the posterior wall of the trachea?
Trachealis muscle
65
What are the differences between the left and right main bronchi?
Right main bronchus – wider, shorter and more vertical than the left main bronchus
Left main bronchus – thin, long and more horizontal than right main bronchus.
66
What do the main bronchi divide into?
Right main bronchus – 3 lobar bronchi
Left main bronchus – 2 lobar bronchi
67
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
They are coated in a thin film of pulmonary surfactant
68
In which part of the bronchial tree does the function change from the passage of air to gas exchange?
At the respiratory bronchioles
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What are the missing labels on this lung?
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What are the missing labels on these lungs?
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What features can help identify a left and right lung?
Left lung – lingual and cardiac notch
Right lung – Middle lobe and horizontal fissure
72
What is the hilum of the lung?
The hilum of the lung is found on the medial aspect of each lung, and it is the only site of entrance or exit of structures associated with the lungs.
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What are the missing labels on the lung?
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What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?
Bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulomary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymph vessels, efferent and afferent nerves.
(Most may not be seen on specimens)
75
What is the pulmonary ligament?
The ligament forms a barrier between the anterior and posterior parts of the mediastinal portion of the pleural cavity below the root of the lung
76
What are the missing labels?
77
On what lung would impressions from the following structures be found?
Cardiac= both, mainly left
Azygous vein= right
Thoracic aorta= left
Oesophagus= both
Arch of aorta= left
Inferior vena cava= right
78
What are the following grooves for on the lungs?
79
Which landmarks divide the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4 & T5
80
What are the following labels?
81
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
Oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerves
82
What structures are found in the middle mediastinum?
Heart, ascending aorta, trachea and other great vessels
83
What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?
Thoracic aorta, azygous vein, main bronchus, oesophagus
84
What is the pleura and what are the layers of the pleura?
A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity
The outer layer is called the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall. The inner layer is called the visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.
85
What is the innervation to the costal parietal pleura?
The costal pleura is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the rib cage
INNERVATION= intercostal nerves
86
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
The mediastinal pleura and most of the diaphragmatic pleura, as well as the diaphragm
87
Which structures of the thorax does the vagus nerve innervate?
Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs and the heart
88
The vagus nerve passes posterior to which structure of the respiratory system?
It passes posterior to the root of the lung
89
What are the missing labels?
90
What are the 4 areas of parietal pleura?
The parietal pleura is split into 4 areas- costal; comes into contact with the thoracic cage with the ribs and intercostal spaces. The mediastinal area comes in contact with mediastinum. Diaphragmatic part covers base of lung. The cervical part lines domed apex of lung.
91
What are the two pleural cavities seperated by?
The mediastinum
92
How many ribs are there and what are the different types of ribs?
Ribs 1 – 7 (‘true ribs’) articulate directly with the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Ribs 8 – 10 (‘false ribs’) indirectly articulate with the sternum, as their costal cartilages connect with the seventh costal cartilage; by the costochondral joint
Ribs 11 and 12 (‘floating ribs) do not articulate with the sternum.
ALSO
Get atypical and typical ribs-
Typical: Ribs 3 – 9 (share common features)
Atypical: Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12 (each have their own distinctive features)
93
What is this part of a typical rib?
Head
94
What is this part of a typical rib?
Neck
95
What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)
Tubercle
96
What is this part of a typical rib? (posterior view)
Angle
97
What is this part of a typical rib?
Subcostal groove
98
What part of the first rib is this?
Scalene tubercle
99
What part of the first rib is this? (posterior view)
Tubercle
100
What part of the first rib is this?
Articular facet on head of rib
101
What part of the first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian artery
102
What part of the first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian vein
103
What muscle attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?
Scalenus anterior
104
What are the missing labels?
105
What are the following missing labels?
106
- Which ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?
2nd ribs
107
- What vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?
T4/T5
108
- What other anatomical landmarks are located at the sternal angle?
T4/T5
Junction between ascending aorta and arch of the aorta
Junction between the arch of the aorta and decending aorta
Bifurcation of trachea
109
What are these joints?
Costo-transvere joints
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What are the two costovertebral joints?
Costotransverse joint Joints of Heads of Ribs
111
What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
114
What do the following actions of the ribs do to the thorax?
Bucket handle motion of ribs
Pump handle action of sternum
Inferior movement of diaphragm
115
What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
Clavicle, cartilages of 1st ribs, part of the cartillages of 2nd ribs
116
What articulate with the body of the sternum?
Cartilages of Ribs 2-7 (and 8-10 indirectly)
117
What are the different parts of the sternum?
118
What are the missing labels?
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What is the diaphragm?
The thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscle that is critical for the process of respiration – particularly inhalation/ inspiration. It also serves as the anatomical boundary separating the thorax from the abdomen
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What are the missing labels?
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What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated slightly anterior to the vault formed by the muscle
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, causing the central tendon to be drawn inferiorly which partially flattens the domes bilaterally
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What are the crura of the diaphragm?
The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column
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What are the missing labels?
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At what vertebral level do the vena cava, aorta and oesophagus pass through the diagragm?
vena cava= T8
aorta (aortic hiatus)= T12
oesophagus= T10
125
Where are the phrenic nerves located in the abdomen?
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What are the root values for the phrenic nerve?
C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive!)
127
What information is carried to/from the diaphragm in the phrenic nerve?
All motor information. Sensory information for the central parts of the diaphragm.
128
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
Phrenic
The peripheral parts of the diaphragm receive sensory innervation from lower intercostal and subcostal nerves.
129
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
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Between what two layers of intercostal muscle is the neurovascular bundle found?
Between internal and innermost
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What orientation do the innermost intercostal fibres run?
Same as internal
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Do the intercostal muscles cover the length of each intercostal space?
NO
-The external layer is incomplete anteriorly, where it is replaced with the anterior intercostal membrane.
-The internal layer is incomplete posteriorly, where it is replaced with the posterior intercostal membrane.
-The innermost layer is only present on the lateral aspects of the thoracic wall
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What is the innermost intercostal muscle replaced with anteriorly and posteriorly?
Anteriorly the layer is completed by the transversus thoracis muscle (also known as sternocostalis), while posteriorly the muscle layer is completed by the subcostal muscles).
136
What are the accessory muscles of respiration and what is their function?
During significant physical exertion, additional muscle groups are recruited to aid movement of the chest wall
Pectoralis major
Scalenus anterior
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
137
Where is the scalenus anterior muscle located?
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What are the missing labels?
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Is the neurovascular bundle located in the superior or inferior portion of each intercostal space?
Superiorly, at the inferior aspect of the upper rib
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What is the name of the groove on the corresponding rib where the neurovascular bundle runs?
Subcostal groove
141
Where would you insert a needle or chest drain (with respect to the ribs) when attempting to access the thoracic cavity (e.g. in a patient with pneumothorax)?
Just above the superior border of a rib
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Which arteries can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?
Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
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Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Anterior: from internal thoracic artery or its branch (musculophrenic a.)
Posterior: from thoracic descending aorta.
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Which veins can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?
Anterior and posterior intercostal veins
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Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain to?
Anterior: internal thoracic vein, or musculophrenic vein
Posterior: Azygous system
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Which nerves are responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves – from anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
147
What are the missing labels?
RIMA= internal thoracic
148
What structures form the thoracic inlet and outlet?
Inlet is formed of the body of T1 posteriorly, the medial margin of the first rib and manubrium anteriorly.
Outlet is formed of the body of T12 posteriorly, the 12th rib, the distal end of the 11th rib, the distal costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphoid process anteriorly\
Inlet= open, outlet= closed by diaphragm
149
What major blood vessel gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?
Thoracic aorta
150
What major blood vessel gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?
Internal thoracic artery
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What major blood vessel gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?
Subclavian artery
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What are the blood vessels shown?
153
What are the missing labels?
154
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
The superior vena cava
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Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain in to?
The internal thoracic vein
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Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain in to?
The azygous system
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What is the general rule of the pathway of the lymphatic system?
As a general rule the lymphatic drainage of a region follows the arterial supply to that
structure, but flowing in the opposite direction.
160
What is the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct is the main channel which returns lymph from body to the venous
system
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Where can the thoracic duct be found?
As it ascends through the
thoracic cavity, it can be found:
‐ Anterior to the thoracic vertebrae
‐ To the right of the midline
‐ Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein
162
Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?
Aortic hiatus (T12)
163
What is the cisterna chyli?
Many lymphatic ducts converge at the upper lumbar vertebrae to create the
cisterna chylii. This serves as the origin of the thoracic duct, which then ascends
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Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
In over 95% of cases, the thoracic duct terminates in the left internal jugular vein, the left subclavian vein, or the angle between the two.
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What are the missing labels?
166
What are the main branches of the abdominal aorta?
There are 3 major midline branches which supply the gut tube and associates structures:
‐ Celiac Trunk
‐ Superior Mesenteric Artery
‐ Inferior Mesenteric Artery
There are 3 pairs of arteries which emerge from the lateral sides of the aorta to supply
abdominal viscera:
‐ Suprarenal (these may be very hard to see)
‐ Renal
‐ Gonadal
There are also a series of lumbar arteries and the inferior phrenic artery which arise from the
posterio‐lateral aspect of the aorta.
167
What does aorta bifurcate into?
The aorta ultimately bifurcates into the common iliac arteries, which again splits into the internal and external branches.
168
Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?
Left renal vein
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Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?
Inferior vena cava
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At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?
L4
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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Where does the celiac trunk arise from?
The celiac trunk, also known as the celiac artery, is a short vessel that arises from the aorta and passes below the median arcuate ligament, just as the aorta enters the abdomen at the level of the T12 vertebra
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Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from?
It originates from the aorta between the celiac artery and renal arteries.
At L1§
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Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from?
It is located at the level of L2-L4 (most often at the L3-L4 disk space level, 2–3 cm above the aortic bifurcation).
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What are the missing labels on the CT scan?
178
What do the external and internal iliac arteries supply?
-The internal iliac artery enters the pelvis and supplies the majority of the pelvic
viscera.
‐ The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery and supplies the lower limb.
179
What does the internal iliac artery branch into?
The internal iliac bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches.
o The anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum.
o The posterior branch supplies the gluteal region
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What are the following missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the following labels?
188
What organs drain via the portal system?
Gut tube plus gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
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What abdominal organs drain via the caval system?
Kidneys, suprarenal glands
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How does the portal system differ from a systemic system?
Blood that drains via the portal system does not go straight back to the heart, as
it does in the caval system. Instead it is diverted to the liver for detoxification
and metabolism.
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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Where does vessel A drain into?
Superior vena cava
195
What organ(s) are supplied by the vessel indicated by arrow A?
Midgut structures
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What is artery A?
Anterior branch of internal iliac
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What are the missing labels?
198
Where is the inferior vena cava formed?
The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of left and right common iliac veins. Around L4,5.
199
What are the missing labels?
200
What two main vessels does lymth drain into?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
201
What landmark can be used to identify both the beginning and the end of the arch of the aorta, and what other anatomical landmarks can be found at this level?
The sternal angle [Angle of Louis] indicates the beginning / end of the arch of the aorta. It also indicates the separation of the superior and inferior mediastina, the bifurcation of the trachea (carina), and the drainage of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava.
202
What landmakr is used to seperate the thoracic and abdominal aorta?
The thoracic and abdominal aorta are defined by the passage across the diaphragm, which takes place at the aortic hiatus (T12).
203
What are the 3 layers that line arterial and venous walls?
The innermost layer is the tunica intima: a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue and elastic fibres.
Surrounding this layer is the tunica media, which is formed primarily of smooth muscle. Has multiple layers of relatively irregular looking smooth muscle fibres.
Finally, the outermost layer of the vessel is the tunica adventitia, comprised of circumferential layers of irregular connective tissue. It will contain a high collagen component, along with elastic fibres.
204
What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?
205
What is this a histological image of and what are the different labels?
206
What are the 3 structures that run in the carotid sheath in the neck?
-Common carotid artery
-internal jugular vein
-vagus nerve.
207
What branches arise from the common carotid artery?
No branches, except at its bifurcation
208
What is more anterior; the internal or external carotid artery?
External
209
Why does the internal carotid artery feel larger or more swollen than the external?
The internal carotid artery may feel larger because it contains the carotid sinus: a site for monitoring blood pressure and O2 concentration.
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
212
What is this artery?
Maxillary artery
213
What is this artery?
Facial
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What is this artery?
Lingual
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What is this artery?
Inferior alveolar
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What is this artery?
Superficial temporal
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What are the missing labels?
218
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.
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Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively
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Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?
Internal dural venous system
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
223
From which vessel does the right subclavian artery branch?
The right subclavian branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
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What landmark indicates the change between the subclavian and axillary arteries?
The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery as it passes the lateral border of the first rib
225
What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?
The three parts of the axillary artery are:
* the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;
* the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;
* the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.
226
Where does the axillary artery terminate?
As above, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery as it passes the inferior border of teres major, where the axilla ends.
227
Where does the brachial artery terminate?
Immediately distal to the elbow it will bifurcate once again to form the radial and ulnar arteries
228
What muscle seperates the radial and ulnar arteries?
The pronator teres muscle separates the ulnar and radial arteries, with the radial artery passing deep while the ulnar artery remains superficial
229
What happens to the radial and ulnar arteries as they reach the palms?
The radial and ulnar arteries cross the wrist to anastomose within the hand. Each artery will contribute to two arches: the deep palmar arch and the superficial palmar arch.
- The ulnar artery is typically the dominant artery in the superficial palmar arch.
- The radial artery is the dominant artery in the deep palmar arch.
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What is the cubital fossa?
The cubital fossa is an area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm. It is located in a depression on the anterior surface of the elbow joint
233
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator
234
What is contained within the cubital fossa and in what position?
Tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What does the external iliac artery become?
The femoral artery
Distal from the inguinal ligament
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A single major branch and some smaller branches of the internal iliac artery will also provide blood supply to the muscles of the thigh. What is the name of these vessels, and where do they provide blood supply?
The ‘major’ branch of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries, providing blood to the gluteal regions, do also arise from branches of the internal iliac artery.
242
What is the femoral triangle?
The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh
243
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
244
What is a mneumonic to remember the structures in the femoral triangle?
Navel: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics (also going lateral – medial).
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What is this vessel and what is its function?
Profunda femoris, provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.
246
What are the branches of the profunda femoris artery?
Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Perforating femoral artery
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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What are the missing labels?
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When the femoral artery nears the knee, it passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle to become the popliteal artery, posterior to the knee. What is this opening called?
The femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.
253
What is this artery?
Obturator artery
254
What is this artery?
Popliteal artery
255
What happens when the popliteal artery terminates?
The popliteal artery passes through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into its two terminal branches; the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
256
What artery is this?
Posterior tibial artery
257
What artery is this?
Anterior tibial artery
258
What artery is this?
Dorsalis Pedis artery
259
What artery is this?
Medial plantar artery
260
What artery is this?
Fibular/ peroneal artery
261
What is the popliteal fossa?
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint.
This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
262
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
263
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Boundaries – hamstrings, heads of gastrocnemius
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, popliteus
264
What are the different bones of the skull and the sutures?
1= Parietal, 2= Lambdoid suture, 3= Sphenoid bone, 4= Temporal bone, 5= Occipital bone, 6= Mandible, 7= Frontal, 8= Coronal suture, 9= Pterion, 10= External acoustic meatus
265
What bone is this?
Zygomatic bone
266
What bone is this?
Sphenoid bone
267
What bone is this?
Maxilla
268
What bone is this?
Temporal bone
269
What bone is this?
Ethmoid bone
270
What bone is this?
Lacrimal bone
271
What are the different cranial foramina?
1= Superior orbital fissure, 2= Foramen rotundum, 3= Foramen ovale, 4= Foramen spinosum, 5= Hypoglossal canal, 6= Foramen magnum, 7= Cribriform plate, 8= Foramen lacerum, 9= Internal acoustic meatus, 10= Jugular foramen
272
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Orbicucularis oculi
Closes eyelids
273
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Orbicularis oris- compresses and protudes lips
274
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Nasalis- compresses and dilates nostrils
275
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Procerus- depresses median angle of eyebrow
276
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Elevates angle of mouth (Zygomaticus major)
277
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Buccinator- compresses cheeks
278
What is this muscle and what is its function?
Levator labii superioris- elevates upper lips
279
What are the following muscles of facial expression?
1= Orbicularis oculi, 2= Nasalis, 3= Buccinator, 4= Masseter, 5= Frontalis, 6= Temporalis, 7= Orbicularis oris, 8= Platysma, 9= Zygomaticus major, 10 = Depressor labii inferioris
280
What is this muscle and what is it's function?
Temporalis- retracts mandible
281
What is this muscle and what is it's function?
Masseter- elevates mandible
282
What is this muscle and what is it's function?
Medial pterygoid- Protrudes mandible
283
What is this muscle and what is it's function?
Lateral pterygoid- Depresses mandible
284
What are the lables on the vertebrae?
285
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Platysma- depresses mandible and angle of mouth
286
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Trapezius- elevation, retraction, depression and rotation of the scapula
287
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Sternocleidomastoid- cervical rotation and flexsion
288
What nerve are trapezius and sternocleidomastoid supplied by?
Accessory nerve
289
At what vertebral level do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?
290
What are the missing labels?
291
What are the missing labels?
292
What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?
The left common carotid (typically) emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery
293
Which vessel supplies structures within the neck and face?
External carotid artery
294
Where does the jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.
295
Which structures can be found within the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve
296
Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively
297
Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?
Internal dural venous system
298
What are the extraocular muscles?
4 x rectus muscles- superior, inferior, medial and lateral
2 x oblique muscles- superior and inferior
299
What are the missing labels?
300
What bone is this?
Vomer
301
What structures form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer and nasal septal cartilage
302
What are the missing labels?
303
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Roof= hard and soft palates
Walls= buccinator muscles
Floor= muscular diaphragm and tongue
304
What is Waldeyer’s ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?
A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.
305
Where is the start and end of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
306
What are the names of the circular pharynx muscles and their function?
Superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor
They decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along towards the oesophagus
307
What are the names of the longitudinal pharynx and their function?
Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
They shorten and widen the pharynx during swallowing and elevate the larynx during swallowing
308
What vertebral level does the larynx lie at?
C3-C7
309
What are the missing labels?
310
What structures does the thyrohoid membrane run on?
Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
311
What are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?
The vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath. On the left-hand side, the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of aorta. On the right-hand side, the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
312
What are the following features on a vertebrae?
313
What are the missing labels?
314
What is the most common histological stain?
Haematoxylin and Eosin
315
What arte the 3 layers of skin?
316
What is contained within each of the 3 layers of skin?
* Epidermis: keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
* Dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue
* Hypodermis: Adipose tissue
317
What are the distinguishing features of thick skin under a microscope?
The thickness of the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (thin has more simple squamous cells)
The lack of hair follicles
Lack of disrupting structures in the dermis
318
What are the missing labels on this histology of thick skin?
319
What are the missinb labels on this histology of thin skin?
320
What are the missing labels?
321
What is wrong with this radiograph?
Dislocated shoulder
322
What is the arrow pointing to?
Growth plate in a child
323
What is an angiogram?
An ‘arteriogram’ uses an injected contrast agent to increase the radiopacity of the chosen structure. This causes them to become bright white in the final image
324
What are the missing labels?
325
What do 'axial' and 'coronal' mean in CT scans?
2. ‘Axial’ is the term used to describe a transverse view on a CT: cut through the ‘short axis’ of the body.
Coronal is the view created by ‘slicing’ from left to right, separating an anterior segment from a posterior segment
326
How do you read a CT scan?
To read an axial CT, you should imagine you are standing at the foot of your patient’s bed, looking up through their body from below.
327
What colour are bones in CT and MRI scans?
In a CT scan bone will appear bright white as it blocks most radiation from passing. In an MRI bone will typically appear black because of its very low water content
