Anatomy2 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Test for scoliosis
A
Adam’s forward bending test
2
Q
Secondary curvatures of spine
A
Cervical and lumbar
3
Q
Allows movement between vertebrae
A
Intervertebral disc
4
Q
In thoracic disc herniation, what spinal nerve emerges laterally from T2 and T3
A
T2
5
Q
Disc herniation at C4-C5, what spinal nerve
A
C5
6
Q
Fracture in C1/atlas
A
Jefferson fracture
7
Q
Fracture in C2
A
Hangman fracture
8
Q
Bony attachment for coccygeus and levator ani muscles
A
Coccyx
9
Q
Rectum starts at wahat vertbral level
A
S3 (sigmoid ends)
10
Q
Thyroid cartilage level
A
C4-C5
11
Q
Bi4cation of trachea
A
T4
12
Q
type of gland with branchless ducts
A
simple exocrine gland
13
Q
Spinal cord ends in adult in
A
L1 (conus med)
In newborn - L3
14
Q
Disc herniation is more common posteriorly due to
A
Weak and narrow posterior longitudinal ligament
15
Q
Connects anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament in spinal cord
A
Ligamentum flavum
16
Q
In psoas abscess, pus may extend to what nearby structure
A
Petit’s triangle (lumbar) - site of weakness
17
Q
Common boundary of auscultatory triangle and petit’s triangle of the back?
A
Latissimus dorsi
18
Q
Supplies lower 2/3 of spinal cord
A
Great anterior medullary artery of Adamkiewicz (enters from left side commonly)
19
Q
Lateral extension of pia mater in spinal cord
A
Denticulate ligament
20
Q
Prolongation of pia mater from conus medullaris
A
Filum terminale
21
Q
Great lash of dorsal and ventral roots surrounding filum terminale
A
Cauda equina (horse’s tail)
22
Q
Collection of muscle fibers innervated by motor axons
A
Myotome
23
Q
Area of skin innerveated by sensory nerves
A
Dermatome
24
Q
Lumbar puncture structures traversed
A
SSSILEDAS
Skin
Superficial fascia
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
25
Morulla becomes ___ once it enters the uterus
Blastocyst
26
Period of embryology
3-8 weeks
27
This refers to the development of the germinal layers
Gastrulation
28
What is the source of all getm layers
Epiblast
29
The distal part of male urethra developed from what germinal layer
Ectoderm
30
Modulates fluidity of all membrane
Cholesterol
31
Part of cell responsible for Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
32
Where lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism occurs
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
33
This is recognized by proteosomes that signal it for protein denaturation
Ubiquitin
34
The process of forming sperm and egg cells/ 4 haploid cells
Meiosis
35
Flattened nuclei
Squamous epithelial tissue
36
This serves as communication between cells
Gap junctions /nexus
37
Type of squamous epithelium that lines cavities
Mesothelium
38
Only one in the body with stratified columnar epithelium
Conjunctiva
39
Epithelium in kidneys
Transitional/urothelium/umbrella cells
40
Glands thay secrete lipid, proteins, carbohydrate-protein
Mammary glands
41
crypts of Lieberkuhn are an example of what type of glands
simple tubular exocrine gland
42
prostatic cancer may metastasize to the skull via
Batson's venous plexus
43
Brunner submucosal glands is a type of what gland
compound tubular exocrine glands
44
permanent residents of connective tissue that synthesizes collagen
fibroblasts
45
most common secretory exocrine gland
merocrine gland
46
secretory gland responsible for complete cell destruction
holocrine gland "mololo"
47
clock-face appearance cell
plasma cells
48
dust cell
lungs
49
fibrous components of connective tissue
fibers (CORELA): COllagen, REticular, eLAstic
50
reticular fibers are what type of collagen
Type III (re3culin)
I - bONE
II - car2lage
IV - under the 4loor
V - placenta
51
umbilical cord is mucoid tissue aka
Wharton's jelly
52
storage depots for neutral fats
adipose tissue
53
this comprises 2.5% of newborn weight
brown adipose tissue
54
these are young chrondroblast cartilages found in ECM, what is its young variant
chondrocytes
55
all cartilages are avascular and receive nutrients from
perichondrium
56
type of cartilage with no perichondrium and receives nutrients from synovial fluid
articular cartilage
57
most common type of cartilage
hyaline
58
intervertebral disc is an example of
fibrocartilage
59
this is where exchanges between osteocytes and blood capillaries happen
bone canaliculi
60
osteoblast, what type of collagen
I
61
Bone resorptive cells, contain Howship lacunae
osteoclasts
62
spongy bone, trabecular bone, mature
cancellous bone
63
this comprises most of compact bone
osteon/Haversian system
64
growth plate in children
epipyseal growth plate/cartilage
65
epiphyseal plates zone:
blood vessels and osteoblasts form
zone of ossification
66
cell body or stoma contain chromatophilic substances called
Nissl bodies
67
transmit neuronal impulses away
axon
68
cells 10 times more than neurons in amount
glial cells
69
neuronal signal reception
dendrites
70
homologue of Schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocytes in CNS
(oligo-loob)
71
myelin production in PNS
schwann cells
72
largest pyramidal cell in motor cortex
Betz cell
73
CSF production
choroid plexus
74
CSF absorption
arachnoid villi
75
neuronal relay stations
ganglia
76
group of fascicles/peripheral nerves
epineurium
77
produces muscle fibers after muscle injury
satellite cells
78
surrounds an entire muscle
epimysium
79
borders of each sarcomere
Z lines
80
largest protein in myofibrils
TitIn found in I band
81
major fuel of heart
fatty acids
82
cardiac muscle has no satellite cells hence injury is replaced by
fibroblasts (myocardial scars)
83
major ion channels controlling Ca release
caveolae
84
conducting system of the heart found in RA floor
AV node
85
major determinant of systolic BP
arterioles
86
supplied by terminal arteriole branches
capillary beds
87
veins have ___ to facilitate a forward flow of blood towards heart
venous valves
88
"vessel of the vessels"; large veins > arteries
vasa vasorum
89
55% of blood component
plasma
90
stacking up of RBCs
roeleaux formation
91
bilobed, 1-2 weeks in circulation, increases in parasitic infection
eosinophils
92
most numerous type of agranulocytes, CD markers
lymphocyte
93
kidney-shaped agranulocyte, 12-100 hrs in circulation
monocytes
94
primary lymphoid organs
thymus and bone marrow
95
what Ig type is secretion of glands
IgA
96
memory B cells
B lymphocytes
97
uses MHC, 75% of adaptive immunity cells
T lymphocytes
98
CD8, MHC I
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells - MHC II, CD4
99
where T cells develop, immunity to self antigens
thymus
100
Hassal corpuscles are located in
medulla of thymus (these are thymic epithelial aggregates)
101
secondary lymphoid organ, where 70% of all body's immune cells
MALT
102
largest single accumulation of lymphoid tissue
spleen
103
removal of old RBCs are located in
splenic cords of Billroth (red pulp of spleen)
104
Meissner plexus are located in
submucosa in small intestine
105
enteric nervous system
submucosal (Meissner) plexus
myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
106
transition between oral mucosa and skin
vermilion zone
107
Fried egg appearance, secrete intrinsic factor
Parietal/oxyntic cell
108
Secrete gastrin
Enteroendocrine cells
109
Peyer patches are found in
Ileum
110
Rectoanal junction, semilunar folds
Anal columns of Morgagni
111
Folds in large intestine
Haustra
112
Found in muscularis externa in large intestine
Taenia coli
113
Stensen's duct
Parotid gland
114
Wharton's duct
Submandibular gland
Different from Wharton's jelly-umbilical cord
115
Rivinus and Bartholin's duct
Sublingual gland
116
Endocrine pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
117
60-75% of islets of langerhans
B cells (insulin secretory)
118
Bile flow passes thru bile canaliculi to ___ leading to bile ductus
Canals of Herring
119
Normal perisinusoidal space
Space of Disse
120
Antigen-presenting cell in liver
Kuppfer cells
121
Stores vitamin A in liver
Ito cells
122
Humidifies air
Conducting portion (nasal cavity-terminal bronchioles)
123
Gas exchange
Bronchioles-alveoli (respiratory portion)
124
Traps dust in nasal cavity
Vibrissae/hairs
125
Most abundant respiratory epithelium
Ciliated Columnar cells
126
Secretes mucus to moisten and trap odor
Bowman's gland
127
Secretes pulmonary surfactant
Type II pneumocytes/septal
128
Epidermal layer found on thicker skin like palms and soles
Stratum lucidum
129
Part of renal tubule where all nutrients are reabsorb
Proximal convoluted tubule
130
Electrolytes and Calcium are reabsorb
Distal (calcium) convoluted tubule (loop of Henle)
131
Female urethra tissue
Transitional epithelium
132
blood supply of distal ureter
superior vesical artery
133
Part of pituitary gland wherein hormones are stored
Pars nervosa of neurohypophysis (posterior)
134
Produces calcitonin
C cell/parafollicular
135
Produces PTH
principal/chief cells
136
Regulates daily rhythm of bodily activities
Pineal gland/epiphyses cerebri
137
Brain sands
Corpora arenacea (arena-pines)
138
Sperm production
Rete testis in seminiferous tubules
139
70% of semen comes from
Seminal vesicles
140
Calcified prostate gland
Corpora amylacea
141
Cervical layer that produces mucus film
Peg cells in mucosal layer
142
Development in fetal life of ovarian follicles
Primordial follicles
143
WBC infiltration occurs when during pregnancy
Early-middle pregnancy
144
Nerve that inverts and plantar flexes foot
Tibial nerve
TIP - tibial inverts and plantarflexes
PED - peroneal everts and dorsiflexes
145
What provides dynamic support to the uterus?
Muscles of pelvic diaphragm
Static support - cardinal ligament
146
147
Thoracic duct enters diaphragm
T12
I RIGHTfully 8 10 Voiled Eggs AT 12
T8 IVC, right phrenic nerve
T10 esophagus, vagus nerve
T12 aorta, azygos, thoracic duct
148
Gallstone ileus will mostly erode through what?
Transverse colon
Rigler triad:
pneumobilia
Small bowel obstruction
Ectopic calcified gallstone
149
Normal capacity of gallbladder
30-50mL
150
Histologic layer missing in GB
Muscularis mucosae
151
Most common form of acquired hip dislocation
Posterior
152
Most lateral structure in femoral sheath
Femoral artery
AVL (lateral to medial) nerve not inside sheath
153
What flexes leg at knee joint
Gracilis muscle
154
Extends thigh at hip joint
Adductor magnus
155
Only rotator cuff muscles that medially rotates the arm
Subscapularis
156
Normal length of ureter
10 inch/25cm
DUDES with 10 inches
Duodenum
Ureter
Descending colon
Esophagus
Sigmoid
157
What curve forms when child begins to sit up and stand?
Lumbar curve
158
Comprises the largest portion of sternocostal (anterior) surface of the heart
Right ventricle
159
Most posterior chamber of the heart
Left atrium
160
An esophageal mass will most likely compress which chamber of the heart
Left atrium
161
Which heart chamber contains the crista terminalis
Right atrium
162
Chamber of the heart that contains the moderator band
Right ventricle
163
Only muscle of mastication that opens jaw
Lateral pterygoid muscle
164
All muscles of pharynx are innervated by Vagus nerve except
Stylooharyngeus (CN IX)
165
all muscles of tongue are innervated by CN XII except
Palatoglossus (CN X)
166
What veins anastomosed in SVC or IVC obstruction?
Lateral thoracic vein and superficial epigastric vein
167
Veins that become portal vein
IMV and splenic vein
168
Narrowest part of fallopian tube
Isthmus
Where CLIPS are applied in female sterilization, preferred site for tubal ligation
169
Ligament containing ovarian vessels and nerves
Suspensory ligament of ovary
170
Superfical perineal space contents
3Ps RIBS, GV!
Perineal body
Perineal branch of Pudendal nerve
Root of penis/clitoris
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial perineal muscle
Greater vestibular glands (females)
171
Yes girl
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