Ancel Keys: Experiments in Starvation and Refeeding

Question 1

what was the aim of the minnesota experiment

Answer 1

to characterise the physical and mental effects of starvation on healthy men by observing them under normal, starvation and re-feeding conditions

Question 2

fat content _____ in the first stage and then ______

Answer 2

falls, and then plateaus

Question 3

in the experiment, what was noted regarding organs

Answer 3

decraesed in size

Question 4

changes in fat mass are highly _____ from fasting to re-feeding

Answer 4

variable

Question 5

how do you calculate the P-ratio

Answer 5

1/1 + a (deltaFat/deltaFat Free mass)

(Urinary N loss (g) x 6.25 x 18.6) / BMR

Question 6

P-Ratio is _____ during fasting in the same individual but _____ between subjects

Answer 6

constant during fasting
varies between subjects

Question 7

BMR decreases during fasting and then _____

Answer 7

plateaus

Question 8

Nitrogen urinary loss ______ during fasting

Answer 8

decreases

Question 9

Body Weight ______ during fasting

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

P-ratios during starvation and re-feeding are strongly ______ with each other and fat mass

Answer 10

strongly

Question 11

individual P-ratios are _____ during starvation and re-feeding

Answer 11

conserved

Question 12

Pre-starvation % fat mass is the most important predictor if inter-individual variability in _ -_______

Answer 12

P-ratio

Question 13

higher % body fat = ____ P-ratio

Answer 13

lower

Question 14

higher % initial body fat correlates with greater ability to mobilise energy from ___ during starvation

Answer 14

fat

Question 15

during re-feeding there is a greater tendency to

Answer 15

re-deposit fat

Question 16

during starvation, what happens to protein and lean mass

Answer 16

conserved

Question 17

any lean mass which has been lost will take longer to _____

Answer 17

replenish

Question 18

increase in fat mass, but not fat-free mass, is inversely proportional to BMR during _______

Answer 18

re-feeding

Question 19

change in thermogenesis, is greatest at the start of the ______ phase but declines as fat mass increases

Answer 19

re-feeding

Question 20

high individual variability in fuel use between fat and protein means that weight loss and gain patters are ______________________

Answer 20

difficult to predict

Question 21

High initial fat % conserves

Answer 21

protein mass

Question 22

In recovery from starvation, fat is _____ but lean mass and protein is ______

Answer 22

replaced and lean mass and protein is not

Question 23

changes in body fat mass almost exclusively explains _____ and _____ of BMR from starvation to re-feeding

Answer 23

decline and recovery

Question 24

The decline in BMR is a physiological strategy to ____ fat mass during starvation

Answer 24

conserve

Question 25

Physiological control of energy partitioning between fat and protein usage, as well as metabolic rate, are complimentary and homeostatic during ______ and _______

Answer 25

starvation and re-feeding

Question 26

Do our bodies have a fat/lean compartmental memory

Answer 26

% initial body fat seems closely linked to P-ratio and pattern of lean/fat tissue mobilisation.

Question 27

Do our bodies have a fat stores memory

Answer 27

Suppression of thermogenesis during re-feeding in inversely proportional to fat store recovery

Question 28

Does yo-yo dieting caused fat gain

Answer 28

Re-feeding promotes a fat store overshoot which re-sets the fat/lean compartmental memory

Question 29

mTORC control what

Answer 29

cell growth

Question 30

what process are promoted by AMPK

Answer 30

catabolic processes fatt acid oxidation glucose uptake glycolysis autophage mitochondrial biogenesis

Question 31

what processes are inhibited by AMPK

Answer 31

anabolic processes are inhibited fatty acid synthesis glycogen synthesis gluconeogenesis cholesterol synthesis

Question 32

what do PPARs do

Answer 32

increase function of organs

Question 33

what does leptin do

Answer 33

activate immune cells decreases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion increase heart rate regulates appetite, control of metabolism and energy homeostasis regulating the menstrual cycle regulates bone mass

Question 34

what are the uncoupling proteins are there

Answer 34

UCP1/2/3/4

Question 35

what does Melanocortin receptor 4 do

Answer 35

food intake, glucose metabolism, food anticipatory behaviour